TURBELLARIA. 



[ 789 ] 



TYMrANIS. 



spermatic duct (d), whicli opens into the 

 clo.ica, into ■which also the ova or larvfe are 

 discharged, to escape by the posterior orifice. 

 The larvfe often resemble at first tadpoles 

 with three anterior sucker-like organs, by 

 means of which they adhere to foreign 

 bodies to complete their development, the 

 tail gradually disappearing. In Appendicu- 

 laria the larval form persists through life. 



The larval caudal appendage lias been 

 shown to have a rod-like body, which has 

 been compared to the chorda dorsalis of 

 Vertebrata. 



In the large free Tunicata, the inter- 

 mediate generations are united into long- 

 chains, the final product being a sexual 

 individual ; but into the further structure 

 of these curious beings we have no space 

 to enter. 



Synopsis of the Families. 



* Attached; mantle and test united only at 

 the orijices. 



BoTRYLLiDJE. Bodies united into sys- 

 tems. 



Clavelinidje. Bodies distinct, but 

 connected by a common root-thread. 



AsciDiAD^. Bodies unconnected. 



** Free ; mantle and test united throughout. 



Pelon^ad^. Orifices near together. 

 Salpidje. Orifices at opposite ends. 



BiBL. M. -Edwards, Ascid. Comp., and 

 3Iem. de VInstitut, 1842 ; Forbes and Han- 

 lev, Br. Moll. i. 1; Siebold, VeryLAn. 234; 

 Lister, P/iiV. 7;-. 1834; Huxley, Com2i.An.; 

 Rupert Jones, Todds Cycloj)., Art. Tunicata; 

 Allman, Qu. Mic. Jn. vii. 86 ; Gegenbaur, 

 Vergl. An. ; Nicholson, Zool. 363. 



See AppEXDICUI/ABIA, BoXBYLLIDiE, 

 Clavelinid^, (fee. 



TURBELLA'EIA.— An order of Annu- 

 lata. 



TURBINEL'LA, Schultze.— A genus of 

 Ichthvdine Rotatoria. 



BiBL. Schultze, Midler's Archiv, 1853, 

 241 ; Pritchard, Inf. 381. 



TURMERIC. See Curcuma. 



TUR'RIS, Lesson. — A genus of Athecate 

 Hydroida, family Clavid?e. 



Char. Stems short, rooted, bearing the 

 polypes on their summits ; polypes clavi- 

 form, with scattered filiform tentacles. T. 

 ne</leitn, in the Solent, Ilfracombe, kc. 

 (liincks, Hyd. Z<joph. 13.) 



TYD.EUS, Koch.— A genus of Trombi- 

 dina (Acarina). Transverse line present ; 



no eyes ; legs six-jointed. T. mutahilis, 

 very minute, on damp earth or moss. (Koch, 

 Uebers.; Mm-ray, Fc. Fnt. 120.) 



TY'PHOID CELLS.— In typhoid fever 

 certain special uninuclear cells are formed, 

 which contain more protoplasm and are 

 larger than lymph-cells, pus-corpuscles, and 

 white blood-corpuscles ; these assume an 

 irregular and often polygonal form. De- 

 generative changes speedily commence, and 

 the cells break up, mostly by fatty meta- 

 morphosis, into oily debris capable of re- 

 absorption. The cells are found not only 

 in the intestinal structures, but also in other 

 organs ; forming medullary masses on the 

 pleural surface, and inside the sarcolemma of 

 muscles. 



BiBL. Rindfleisch, Path. Geweb. 317. 



TYM'PANIS, Fr.— A genus of Phaci- 

 diacei (Ascomycetous Fungi), consisting of 

 horny bodies growing on branches of trees, 

 breaking out through the bark. T. con- 

 spersa (fig. 771) grows upon Rosaceous 



Fig. 771. 



Fig. 772. 



Tympanis conspersa. 



A collection of perithecia, more or less mature, burst- 

 ing through the bark. Magn. 10 diams. 



trees, T. saliyna on 

 the privet. In the 

 former the perithecia 

 are collected in tufts ; 

 they are first closed, 

 afterwards opening 

 into cups, the disk of 

 which is occupied by 

 the hymenium, bear- 

 ing long and broad 

 asci containing nume- 

 rous spores, and some- 

 times also septate Vertical section through 

  1 • ij. apieceoi tneabove.passing 



Stylospores SUUulta- through some of the open 



neou.sly. In T. sahyna cup-like perithecia. 



the perithecia occur Magnified 20 diameters. 



only two to four to- 

 gether. Spermoyonia exist (which are oblong 

 or conical bodies) intermixed with the peri- 

 thecia, perforated by a terminal pore (re- 

 sembling perithecia of Sphceria) ; these are 

 lined with delicate branched filaments bear- 

 ing minute coi-puscles (spermatia), which 



