VEINS. 



[ 806 ] 



VERRUCARIA. 



Class II. Lichens, 

 Class III. Fungi. 



Order 1. Sciiizomycetes. 



Bacterixm, Vibrio. 

 Order -2. Phycomycetes. 



-Moulds aud mildews. 

 Order 3. IIvpODERMiiE. 



Uredineaj, Ustilagineae, smuts, &c. 

 Order 4. Basidiomycetes. 



Mushrooms, toad-stools, puff-balls. 

 Order 5. Ascomycetes. 



Truffles, morells, &c. 

 Ordin- G. Myxomycetes. 



Trichia, JEthalium, Lycogala, 



BiBli. Lindley, Veg. Kingdom; End- 

 liclier, Gen. Plant. ; Fries, Summa Veget. 

 Scan.; Heufrey-Masters, Elem. Cowse ; 

 Sachs, Lehrb. Bot. 



VEINS OF A^^iJiALS. — The walls of the 

 veius are thinner than those of the arteries, 

 which arises principally from the less de- 

 velopment of the contractile and elastic 

 elements. The inner coat is less developed, 

 but otherwise ao-rees with that of the arteries 

 in structure. The middle coat is not yellow, 



Fio-. 799, 



Longitndiuiil ecouon of the vena cava inferior, near 

 the liver, a, inner coat ; b, middle coat without mus- 

 cular fibres ; c, inner layer of the outer coat — a, its 

 longitudinal muscles; fi, its transverse areolar ele- 

 ments; d, outer portion of the outer coat, without 

 muscles. Magnified 30 diameters. 



but greyish red, containing more connective 

 tissue aud fewer elastic fibres aud muscles ; 

 in addition to the transverse, it has longitu- 

 dinal layers. The outer coat is usually the 

 thickest, agreeing with that of tlie arteries, 

 except that in many veius, especially those 

 of the abdominal cavity, it contains well- 

 developed longitudinal muscular fibres. 



The veins of the brain, the bones, retina, 

 ^-^'c, contain no muscular fibres. 



The large veins, near the heart, contain 

 transverse striated musciUar fibres. 



BiBL. Kolliker, Hist. ii. ; ^hexi\x,Stricker''s 

 Hist. ; Frey, Hist. 



VEINS OF Plants. — The name com- 

 monly applied to the ramifications of the 

 Vascular bundles, forming the ribs of 

 leaves and similar organs, 



VENILI'NA, Giimbel. SeeTEXxuLARiA. 

 (Giimbel, Tr. Munich Acad. cl. 2, x. Q^^). 



VERMES.— A subkingdom of the Ani- 

 mal Kingdom, 



VERMICULA'RIA, Fr.— a genus of 

 Sphserouemei (Coniomycetous Fungi), but 

 seemingly stylosporous states of Spheeriacei, 

 most of the species being included under 

 Sphceria ia. the British Flora. They grow- 

 on decaying stalks, leaves, or wood. " S. re- 

 licina, Dematium, cuhnifraga, trichella, and 

 others of the Br. Fl. belong here. Another 

 species, V. atramentaria, is common on de- 

 caying potato-stems, forming black velvety 

 patches. This is distinguished from V. 

 Dematium by its straight spores. The erect 

 black hairs of the perithecia are character- 

 istic. 



BiBL. Berk. Br. Flor. ii. pt. 2. 274, &:c., 

 Ann. N. H. 2 v. 378; Fries, Smn. Veg. 

 419. 



VERMILION, or bisulphuret of mercury, 

 is used as a pigment for injecting. It should 

 be in a finely divided state, in which it is 

 best obtained by levigation, and should not 

 exhibit any white crystalline particles when 

 examined as an opaque objeft. 



VERNEUILI'NA, D'Orb, See Textu- 

 lama. 



VERRUCA'RIA, Pers.— A genus of Py- 

 renodei (Lichenaceous Lichens), containing 

 numerous species having a cioistaceous or 

 cartilagineo-membranous thallus growing 

 upon and adherent to the bark of trees or 

 stones ; named from the wart-like ])rocesses 

 corresponding to the perithecia, which open 

 by a pore at the surface. The perithecia 

 have a black rind, enclosing either the 

 whole or the upper half of the nucleus. 

 The spermogonia much resemble the peri- 



