Winter Meeting. 165 



'<i 



This damage continued until harvest time and caused many tons of 

 what might have been first-class apples fall to the ground. 



In our 90-acre orchard during this year of great damages and high 

 prices, this crop, shortened as it was by insects, had a good value. More 

 than could have possibly been produced in the drouth, at the same cost, 

 by any other crop known to us. The difference in its value without dam- 

 age by these late developed insects would have been enough to represent 

 the savings of a life time of one who lives by daily wages even imder 

 the most favorable circumstances. 



These insect conditions usually occurred in orchards that had heavy 

 crops of fruit last season and were not altogether free from worms then. 



"When continuous shallow cultivation is practiced without breaking 

 up the lower strata by deeper plowing, the ground underneath the shallow 

 cultivation often gets very hard, apparently making a good conductor 

 for heat downward through its compact condition, while its perpendicular 

 pores give egress to the heated moisture below. 



With deeper plowing more horizontal air spaces are made, thus 

 making a non-conductor for heat and checking the up-flow of moisture. 

 We have been led to believe that a good plan to resist drouth is by deeper 

 plowing or stirring, followed by rolling or dragging the ground down, 

 followed by continuous shallow cultivation. When the ground becomes 

 thoroughly wet and packed again, it is run tight together and may once 

 more need deeper stirring. Deep plowing must necessarily do more 

 damage to tree root system where trees are planted too closely. Plowing- 

 very deep near a tree and damaging roots then must be avoided." 



