180 State Horticultural Society. 



Mr. Tippin. — That was the cultivation. The plowing of the soil 

 and the preparation of it for the cow peas, and those of you that have 

 grown cow peas know that the ground never becomes hard or packed 

 where cow peas are grown. 



Mr. Augustine of Illinois. — I came here from Illinois, and I want 

 to learn and I appreciate yovir time is very valuable, but I am so in- 

 tensely interested in this subject of subsoiling for an orchard and culti- 

 vating an orchard that I must say a word. In planting an orchard I feel 

 that the most important thing to do is to thoroughly subsoil the ground, 

 and I will say right here that from my experience and observation, I 

 would not plant an orchard without first subsoiling the ground. By 

 subsoiling I don't mean trench plowing. I mean shallow plowing, and 

 then lift up your soil so that at any time the moisture will go right down 

 — the water will go down and be stored away for future use. If an 

 orchard has been planted for any length of time, as Colonel Evans said 

 there on the platform, I would not think of deep plowing. I don't be- 

 lieve in it. Now in soil like that of Central Illinois or like Missouri 

 and Northern Illinois, it would not do much hurt, because your trees 

 are growing so rapidly. We have too much growth. In that case you 

 wont hurt the orchard very much by deep plowing and root pruning, 

 but on the other hand, such soil as you have in the Southern part of this 

 State and as Judge Wellhouse has in Kansas, the uplands, I mean, I 

 would certainly be very much opposed to deep plowing after the orchard 

 has once been established without deep plowing. Now there is soil 

 that don't need this subsoiling. For instance in Judge Wellhouse's 

 state, you take the Kaw River Valley and I would not give five cents 

 for subsoiling, because the soil is very porous and the moisture will 

 go down anyhow, but on all of the uplands of Kansas and on most 

 of our lands in Missouri and in Illinois, as I understand it, I do believe 

 that there is nothing more valuable than subsoiling. In fact I believe 

 it will be valuable in the cultivation of our other crops. 



Mr. Long. — I would like to ask Judge Wellhouse a question in 

 reference to the cultivation of young orchards. If he believes in sub- 

 soiling how many inches he takes to cultivate, and if it is possible to 

 cultivate without breaking the roots, and I would like to ask you, Mr. 

 President, if you believe in cultivation and how large a root you break? 



Judge Wellhouse. — We plow about five inches deep. I think we 

 run a subsoil lister in the furrow where we plant, and then we plant 

 the space between the rows usuallv in corn, and we lease the land out 

 between the rows to tenants and they cultivate it in corn, and we culti- 

 vate the tree rows ourselves. We have an expert that we trust to 

 plowing the trees. We recommend five inches as the depth of the plow- 



