CHAPTER XVI. 



BRYOZOA ECTOPROCTA. 



Colonial Bryozoa with the anus outside the lophophore, with a 

 well-developed introvert and a spacious coelom. 



Systematic : — 



A. PHYLACTOLAEMATA. Fresh- water forms, with horse- 

 shoe-shaped lophophore prolonged into two arms ; with epistome 

 overhanging the oral aj^erture (Cristafella, Plumatella, Pedinatella, 

 Fredericella). 



B. GYMN"OLAEMATA. Mostly marine; with circular lopho- 

 phore ; without epistome. 



I. Cyclostomata. Apertures of the zooecia terminal, circular 

 and devoid of closing apparatus; without appendages (Crisia, 

 Diastojwm, Hornera, Tuhuliijora, Frondipora). 



II. Ctbnostomata. Apertures of the zooecia terminal, closable 

 by means of tooth-like or seta-like projections of the tentacle-sheath. 



1. Haley onellea {Alcyonidium, Pherusa, Flustrella). 



2. Stolonifera (Vesicularia, Amathia, Boicerhanlda, Farella, 

 HypoplioreJla ; the fresh-water forms Paludicella and Vidorella 

 also belong here). 



III. Chilostomata. Apertures of the zooecia not, as a rule, 

 terminal, usually closable by a movable lid. 



1. Stolonata {Aefea, Eucratea). 



2. Radicellata. 



a. Cellularina (Cellularia, Scrupocellaria, Biigida). 

 h. Flustrina {Flustra, Memhranipora). 



c. Escharina {Retep)ora, Microporella, Eschara, Lepralia, 

 Schizoporella). 



