Delmarva habitats are collectively char- 

 acterized by the presence of 1 6 plant taxa variously 

 noted as rare in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia lists 

 (see Chapter 5). Of particular interest is the associa- 

 tion of several carnivorous plants; the nationally rare 

 swamp pink {Helonias bullata) ; and the Delmarva en- 

 demic, seaside alder {AInus maritima). Human im- 

 pacts have extended over three centuries and 

 include millpond construction, fire, siltation, drainage 

 and channelization, bulkheading of riverfront proper- 

 ty, pollution, and commercial timbering. Existing 

 stands are seen as prime habitats for natural area 

 conservation. 



2.4 VIRGINIA AND THE CAROLINAS 



On the Virginia mainland, Atlantic white 

 cedar is found only in the Great Dismal Swamp. 

 Virginia's Eastern Shore stands are considered with 

 the rest of the Delmarva area in Section 2.3.2. The 

 historical range of Chamaecyparis in North and 

 South Carolina has been documented by Frost (1987 

 and unpubl.)(Figure 14). Eastern North Carolina is 

 the subject of a case study, Chapter 7. 



2.4.1 The Great Dismal Swamp in Virginia and 

 North Carolina 



The name "Dismal Swamp" originated in 

 colonial days for the over 404,000 undrained hec- 

 tares between the James River in southeastern Vir- 

 ginia and the Albemarle Sound in North Carolina 

 (Oaks and Whitehead 1979). The Great Dismal 

 Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (GDSNWR), estab- 

 lished in 1 973, occupies a 43,000 ha rectangular rem- 

 nant of the former swamp. 



Located approximately 48 km from the At- 

 lantic Ocean, the refuge lies between the cities of Suf- 

 folk and Chesapeake in Tidewater Virginia and within 

 Gates, Camden, and Pasquotank Counties in North 

 Carolina (Figure 15). It is delineated on the north by 

 U.S. Route 58, on the south by U. S. Route 1 58, on the 

 east by Route 17, and on the west by the Suffolk 

 Scarp. 



Where no other source is indicated, the fol- 

 lowing discussion is drawn from the draft environ- 

 mental impact statement (EIS) for the Great Dismal 

 Swamp National Wildlife Refuge Master Plan 

 (USFWS 1986b). 



r— — -= — TTriI?t3im_S.A.u. 



■'■^^Rv-'^ SOUTH- •M;^)^ )"c>>?>K^ :. "j; 



A^ 



cv. 



'\s"^"t 



<.= 



Ar -^ 



V< »E 



E / 



.X 



'i.y...--:-> \ \ J..( 7 



:'•'. ".••'1 • ,.''"••■. J V •■ 





/>' 



RECENT SOURCES 



C Buell & Cain 1943 



F FroBt 1984 



L Wells 1946 



M Lynch 1984 



R Radford et al. 1968 



S SC Heritage Trust 



1984 



T Little 1971 



HISTO RICAL SOURCES 



A Aahe 1894 



A2 Ashe 1893 



B Byrd 1728 



E Elliott 1824 



H Hale 1883 



O Anon. 1907 



P Plnchot & Ashe 1897 



U Ruffln 1861 



W Bannister et al. 1903 



Y Wood & McCarthy 1886 



Z Ntchaux 1857 



* JUNIPER PLACE NAMES 



JUNIPER BAY 

 JUNIPER BRANCH 

 JUNIPER CREEK 

 JUNIPER RUN 

 JUNIPER SWAMP 



Figure 14. Historical range of Atlantic white cedar in the Carolinas. Letters in each county refer to sources 

 in the literature, herbaria, or place names, as documented in Frost (1987, and unpubl.) (from Frost 1987). 



19 



