stressed. Noting that such populations might be 

 preadapted to exposure, Dilatush recommends 

 selection of cuttings from them. 



6.4 MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES 



6.4.1 Introduction 



Recommendations for han/est and manage- 

 ment published prior to 1950 were reviewed by Little 

 (1950). The approaches ranged from selective cut- 

 tings of the largest trees (Ashe 1894a), to shelter- 

 wood cutting (where a few seed trees remain) 

 (Pinchot and Ashe 1897), and clearcutting of many 

 dimensions and rotation lengths to produce an even- 

 aged monoculture (e.g., Korstian and Brush 1931; 

 Jemison 1945; Moore 1946). 



On the basis of extensive field and laboratory 

 observations, Little (1950) proposed an approach to 

 cedar management that has remained the standard 

 for the past three and a half decades. He made it 

 clear that there were (as there still are) too many un- 

 knowns for any simple formula and that each proce- 

 dure should be monitored and assessed for future 

 guidance. Little's recommendations for harvest 

 regimen, management of developing and mixed 

 stands, and restoration follow. 



6.4.2 Harvest Regimen 



a. Manage cedar in even-aged tracts. 



b. Harvest by clearcutting. 



c. Remove or reduce slash. 



d. Control competing hardwoods. 



e. Control deer browse. 



f. Cedars should be cut in strips; width of the strips 

 should be determined by stand conditions and the 

 distance of effective seeding (i.e., that which will re- 

 sult in the establishment of several thousand seed- 

 lings per hectare in a 5 - year period). Ideally, har- 

 vested strips should be no wider than 30-45 m. In 

 mixed stands (25 - 50% cedar ), maximum strip 

 width should be 30-60-m. The densest pure cedar 

 stands could be cut in 90 to 120 m strips. 



g. Delay subsequent harvests in adjacent stands 

 until a 30- to 90-cm well-stocked stand is established. 



h. The maximum size of a single harvest should be 

 4 ha. This maximum applies to stands of at least 40 

 ha. The width of the cutting strips generally dictates 

 the size of the harvested area. 



i. Control developing hardwood understory. 



j. Protect from wildfire - possibly by prescribed burn- 

 ing in areas surrounding selected stands. 



6.4.3 Management of Developing Stands 



Silas Little pioneered in his approach to 

 cleaning and thinning. He recommended the as- 

 siduous repeated removals (cleanings) of competing 

 hardwoods - by girdling or chemical treatment - until 

 only pure cedar remained. He also generally op- 

 posed the intermediate harvest (thinning) of young 

 cedar because this practice promoted both cedar 

 windthrow and the development of competing un- 

 derbrush and hardwoods. 



6.4.4 Management of mixed stands 



Recommendations for stands containing 

 less than 50% cedar are more complex and 

 problematical. In stands with 25% to 50% cedar. Lit- 

 tle suggested: 



a. Clearcut in narrow strips, less than 30-60 m; aim 

 for a maximum number of cedar seed trees on the 

 adjacent windward uncut edge. 



b. After seedlings on the clearcut reach 0.3-1 m, 

 clearcut another narrow strip. 



In stands with less than 25% cedar: 



a. Remove hardwoods and spindling cedars. 



b. Leave at least 10-20 cedars with good-sized 

 crowns per 0.4 ha. 



In all cases, removal of slash and repeated cleanings 

 of hardwood are required. 



6.4.5 Restoration: Conversion of Hardwood 

 Swamps 



The establishment of cedar where none cur- 

 rently exists is costly and will be decidedly limited in 

 application. In hardwood swamps, all trees must be 

 felled, girdled, or poisoned; the slash burned; and 

 hardwood sprouts cleaned repeatedly. Further treat- 

 ment may be necessary to prepare a suitable 

 seedbed. Burning or flooding may be useful. 



Introduction of Atlantic white cedar may be ac- 

 complished by encouraging natural regeneration if 

 seed sources are available, by seeding or planting 

 seedlings. Seeding is preferable to planting of seed- 

 lings in most circumstances. The surface debris un- 

 der a mature dense cedar stand is a good source of 

 cedar seed. Surface debris may be collected and 

 sown from November to May with fair results; 50% 

 germination may be expected (Little 1950). 



The role of white cedar in reforesting 

 hardwood, non-cedar coniferous, shrub, and other 

 types of wet sites is not yet well defined. 



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