seedlings; conversely, canopy openings (existing 

 prior to the clearcut) stimulate the growth of preexist- 

 ing shrubs and hardwood saplings. A saturated, but 

 not flooded, hummocky substrate promotes ger- 

 mination and vigorous growth of Atlantic white cedar 

 Adjacent hardwood stands supply competing sour- 

 ces of seed, which necessitates expensive, labor-in- 

 tensive cleanings of hardwood saplings. Cedar 

 swamp would be preferable to any other forest type 

 adjacent to a stand to be cut, for it would serve as a 

 potential cedar seed source and minimize the in- 

 vasion of competing species. 



6.4.9 Principles and Objectives 



With the advice of Silas Little, Zampella 

 (1987), Pinelands Commission scientist, outlined the 

 optimal principles and objectives of cedar manage- 

 ment as follows: 



a. Public ownership and management is the most 

 effective means of ensuring long-term maintenance. 



b. Consider maintenance objectives before 

 economic factors. 



c. Manage for a diverse cedar inventory of all age 

 classes. 



d. Practice active management (see above) 

 throughout the life cycle of a stand. 



e. Each entire cedar stand should be considered as 

 a unit for management. 



f. Convert mixed stands or hardwood swamps to 

 cedar. 



g. Harvest only when it serves maintenance objec- 

 tives. 



h. Monitor to assess the effectiveness of methods 

 used. 



6.4.10 Implementation: New Jersey Pinelands; 

 Great Dismal 



The only areas for which cedar management 

 guidelines are proposed or in place are in the State 

 of New Jersey, primarily in the New Jersey Pinelands 

 (described in Section 2.3.1); and the Great Dismal 

 National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia and North Carolina 

 (Section 2.4.1). 



Pinelands . The New Jersey Pinelands Com- 

 mission (NJPC) incorporates most of Little's (1950) 

 recommendations in its management program 

 (NJPC 1980; Zampella 1987; G. Pierson, pers. 

 comm.), as discussed in Sections 6.4.2 through 

 6.4.9. The NJPC cooperates with, and is reviewed 



by, the New Jersey Bureau of Forest Management in 

 supervising timber harvest. It must prepare detailed 

 forestry management plans using management 

 practices that protect site quality and natural re- 

 sources, specifically considering stream crossings, 

 bank protection, soil erosion, tree regeneration, and 

 site treatment during and after harvest (NJPC 1980). 



Great Dismal. In an effort to reverse the cur- 

 rent trend in the Great Dismal Swamp, in which more 

 mesic red maple and black gum are replacing the dis- 

 tinctive cypress and cedar stands (see Section 

 2.4.1), the USFWS (1986b) proposed an extensive 

 management program. The most relevant portions 

 of the plan are briefly outlined below. 



a. Water Management : Implement full water conser- 

 vation to alleviate surface-water loss and ground- 

 water discharge. Hold water in ditches using both 

 temporary and permanent structures. 



b. Vegetation : Use rotational forest management to 

 emphasize the enhancement of natural diversity and 

 wildlife benefits. Manage Atlantic white cedar on a 

 100-year rotation (which does not allow for natural 

 stand senescence). Aim to convert about an ad- 

 ditional 1000 ha to cedar over 10 years. A sample of 

 the implementation of the management scheme 

 through the year 2020 is shown in Figure 34. 



c. Ecological studies : Monitoring will be geared to 

 understanding function and successional dynamics, 

 with priorities as follows: 



(1) develop a water budget model 



(2) monitor ground water quality and flow 



(3) survey understory vegetation to determine suc- 

 cession 



(4) evaluate value to migratory songbirds 



(5) monitor effects of resource management pro- 

 gram on songbirds, wood ducks, black bear, deer, 

 and endangered species. 



The overall plan is to restore the original 

 hydrology as far as possible and to slowly transform 

 the present vegetation community (Figure 35) to one 

 more closely resembling the original swamp. 

 Figures 36 and 37 depict the community projected in 

 25 and 100 years if it remains unmanaged: in a cen- 

 tury, cedar would virtually disappear, and 

 cypress/gum would be drastically reduced. The en- 

 tire program is flexible, and depends on continual 

 monitoring and evaluation of the efficacy of the ex- 

 perimental management scheme. The complete 

 plan, as well as alternative options and their implica- 

 tions, pertinent legislation, and a bibliography are 

 contained in the Draft EIS of the Master Plan for the 

 Refuge (USFWS 1986b) which is under review at the 

 time of this writing. 



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