gomery , Morgan, Morrow, Muskingum, 

 Noble, Ottawa, Paulding, Perry, Pick- 

 away, Pike, Preble, Putnam, Richland, 

 Ross, Sandusky, Scioto, Seneca, Shel- 

 by, Stark, Summit, Tuscarawas, Union, 

 Van Wert, Vinton, Warren, Washing- 

 ton, Wayne, Williams, Wood, Wyandot. 



Oklahoma: Adair, Cherokee, Craig, Delaware, 

 Haskell, Latimer, Le Flore, Mayes, 

 McCurtain, Mcintosh, Muskogee, Ot- 

 tawa, Pittsburg, Pushmataha, Sequoy- 

 ah, Wagone. 



Penn- 

 sylvania: 



Adams, Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, 

 Bedford, Berks, Blair, Bradford, But- 

 ler, Cambria, Carbon, Centre, Clear- 

 field, Clinton, Columbia, Cumber- 

 land, Dauphin, Fayette, Franklin, 

 Fulton, Greene, Huntingdon, Indi- 

 ana, Jefferson, Juniata, Lackawanna, 

 Lancaster, Lawnrence, Lebanon, Lu- 

 zerne, Lycoming, Mifflin, Monroe, 

 Montour, Northumberland, Perry, 

 Pike, Schuylkill, Snyder, Somerset, 

 Sullivan, Susquehanna, Tioga, Union, 

 Washington, Wayne, Westmoreland, 

 Wyoming, York. 



Tennessee: Anderson, Bedford, Bledsoe, Blount, 

 Bradley, Campbell, Cannon, Carter, 

 Cheatham, Claiborne, Clay, Cocke, 

 Coffee, Cumberland, Davidson, De- 

 Kalb, Dickson, Fentress, Franklin, 

 Grainger, Greene, Grundy, Hamblen, 

 Hamilton, Hancock, Hickman, Jack- 

 son, Jefferson, Johnson, Knox, Lin- 

 coln, Loudon, McMinn, Macon, 

 Marion, Marshall, Maury, Meigs, Mon- 

 roe, Montgomery, Moore, Morgem, 

 Overton, Pickett, Polk, Putnam, Rhea, 

 Roane, Robertson, Rutherford, Scott, 

 Sequatchie, Sevier, Smith, Stewart, 

 Sullivan, Summer, Trousdale, Unicoi, 

 Union, Van Buren, Warren, Washing- 

 ton, White, Williamson, Wildon. 



Virginia: Albemarle, Alleghany, Amherst, Ap- 

 pomattox, Augusta, Bath, Bedford, 

 Bland, Botetourt, Buchanan, Bucking- 

 ham Campbell, Carroll, Clarke, Craig, 

 Culpeper, Cumberland, Dickenson, 

 Fauquier, Floyd, Fluvanna, Franklin, 

 Frederick, Giles, Goochland, Grayson, 



Greene, Henry, Highland, Lee, Lou- 

 doun, Louisa, Madison, Montgomery, 

 Nelson, Orange, Page, Patrick, Pittsyl- 

 vania, Prince William, Pulaski, Rappa- 

 hannock, Roanoke, Rockbridge, Rock- 

 ingham, Russell, Scott, Shenandoah, 

 Smyth, Spotsylvania, Tazewell, War- 

 ren, Washington, Wise, Wythe. 



West 



Virginia: All counties. 



Wisconsin: Crawford, Grant, Green, Iowa, Lafay- 

 ette, Richland. 



HABITAT 



Winter hibernation is restricted to caves with 

 specific climatic conditions, namely, temperature 

 4° to 8° C and relative humidity from 66% to 95% 

 (Barbour and Davis 1969, Humphrey 1978). 

 These requirements are met only in a narrow zone 

 close to a cave entrance (Hall 1962). 



Sexes and age classes diverge in summer. 

 Females and juveniles live in stream bank and 

 floodplain areas, roosting under the bark of trees 

 (Humphrey et al. 1977). Males use floodplain 

 ridges and hillside forests and usually roost in 

 caves (LaVal et al. 1976, 1977). 



FOOD AND FORAGING BEHAVIOR 



Females and juveniles eat mainly small, soft- 

 bodied flying insects, primarily Diptera (J.J. Bel- 

 wood and S. R. Humphrey personal communica- 

 tion). In early summer, femcdes and juveniles for- 

 age along stream banks most of the time, and 

 shift later to include trees and the edges of flood- 

 plain forests (Humphrey et al. 1977). Foraging 

 areas average 1.47 ha per animal in early summer, 

 and 4.54 ha per animal by mid-summer (Humph- 

 rey et al. 1977). Males forage in densely wooded 

 areas at tree-top height (LaVal et al. 1976, 1977). 



SHELTER REQUIREMENTS 



Winter caves have stable, cool temperatures 

 (usually 4° to 8° C, but sometimes as low as 1° C), 

 and high humidity (Humphrey and Scudder 1979, 

 LaVal etal. 1976). 



NESTING OR BEDDING 



Summer nursery roosts are located under the 

 bark of live or dead hardwoods, which serves as a 

 buffer against sudden temperature changes, shel- 

 ters the bats from weather and predators, and acts 

 as a solar heat collector (Humphrey et al. 1977). 



