from 1 to 6 with 2 to 3 being average (Young and 

 Goldman 1946; Hall and Kelson 1959; Asdell 

 1964). Cougars usually breed once every 2 years 

 (Young and Goldman 1946; Asdell 1964). There 

 are also cases where two litters were produced 

 within a period of 12 to 15 months (Asdell 1964; 

 Hornocker 1970). 



MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION 



No recovery team or plan has been initiated 

 for the eastern cougar. There is a Recovery Team 

 and draft plan for the southern race, Florida 

 panther {F. c. coryi). Several States are conduct- 

 ing questionnaire type surveys and some actual 

 field searches. Some States have created a central 

 clearing house for sightings of eastern cougars. 



There have been sightings and unconfirmed 

 reports of cougars from several publicly owned 

 lands in the eastern United States. These include: 

 Georgia, Savannah River Atomic Energy Plant; 

 North C.trolina, Blue Ridge Parkway (also in Vir- 

 ginia), Great Smoky Mountain National Park, and 

 Uwharrie National Forest; and Virginia, George 

 Washington National Forest, Jefferson National 

 Forest, and Shennandoah National Park (Linzey 

 and Linzey 1971; Russ 1973; Lowman 1975; 

 Teulings and Cooper 1977). 



AUTHORITIES 



None. 



PREPARER'S COMMENTS 



Most of the available literature on life history 

 of this species is derived from findings of studies 

 on western subspecies. The eastern cougar and 

 Florida panther should be treated together in the 

 Recovery Team and Plan concepts. 



There is a serious question as to whether the 

 eastern cougar exists in the United States. More 

 effort should be concentrated in the direction of 

 securing documented evidence of this subspecies' 

 existence or whether released and/or escaped cap- 

 tive western subspecies are the animals allegedly 

 being seen. 



LITERATURE CITED/SELECTED 

 REFERENCES 



Asdell, S. A. 1964. Patterns of mammalian repro- 

 duction. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca. 679 pp. 



Cahalane, V. H. 1964. A preliminary study of the 

 distribution and numbers of cougar, grizzly, 

 and wolf in North America. New York Zool. 

 Soc, New York. 12 pp. 



Cram, G. 1901. Panther in Maine. For. Str. 56: 

 123. 



Davis, W. B. 1974. The mammals of Texas. Texas 

 Parks Wildl. Bull. No. 41:1-294. 



Dearborn, N. 1927. An old account of the moun- 

 tain lion in New Hampshire. J. Mammal. 8: 

 311-312. 



Dekay, J. E. 1842. Zoology of New York, or the 

 New York Fauna. Albany. 146 pp. 



Dout, J. K. 1969. Mountain lions in Pennsylvania. 

 Am. Midi. Natur. 82:281-285. 



Dowhan, J. J., and R. J. Craig. 1976. Rare and 

 endangered species of Connecticut and their 

 habitat. State Geo. Natur. Hist. Surv. Conn., 

 Dep. Environ. Protection Rep. 6. 137 pp. 



Grimm, W. C, and R. Whitehead. 1950. Mammal 

 survey of southwest Pennsylvania. Pa. Game 

 Comm., Harrisburg. 99 pp. 



, 1952. Mammal survey of northeast 



Pennsylvania. Pa. Game Comm., Harrisburg. 

 82 pp. 



Hall, E. R., and K. R. Kelson. 1959. The mam- 

 mals of North America. 2 vols. Ronald Press, 

 New York. 1,083 pp. 



Hamilton, W. J. 1943. The mammals of eastern 

 United States; an account of recent land 

 mammals occurring east of the Mississippi. 

 Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca. 432 pp. 



Handly, C. O., Jr., R. Stafford, and E. H. Geil. 

 1961. A West Virginia puma. J. Mammal. 

 42:277-278. 



Hornocker, M. G. 1969. Winter territoriality in 

 mountain Hons. J. Wildl. Manage. 33:457-464. 



-. 1970. An analysis of mountain lion 



predation upon mule deer and elk in Idaho 

 primitive areas. Wildl. Monogr. 21. 39 pp. 



lUCN. 1972. Red data book. Vol. I, Mammalia. 

 Compiled by H. A. Goodwin and C. W. 

 Holloway. lUCN, Morges, Switzerland. 



Kellog, R. 1939. Annotated list of Tennessee 

 mammals. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 86:245-303. 



Larson, J. S. 1963. Panthers in Maryland. Md. 

 Conserv.Vol.XLlII. 



