MARION ISLAND. 175 



penguins were abundant. One was a penguin called by the 

 sealers the "Johnny" (Pygosceles tceniata), the " Gentoo" of the 

 Falklands. This penguin is a great deal larger than the crested 

 Penguins, in fact nearly as big as the King Penguin. The beak 

 is bright red, long and sharp-pointed, the back dark blackish, the 

 breast white. The colour of the back is continued on to the 

 head, but a white patch on the top of the head in contrast with 

 the dark colouring is the marked feature about the bird. These 

 penguins we nowhere meet with nesting. They are often 

 associated with the King Penguins. They were usually to be 

 met with here and in Kerguelen's Land in parties of a dozen or 

 twenty or thirty on the grass, close to the shore, and were 

 apparently moulting at the time of our visit. At Christmas 

 Harbour, Kerguelen's Land, some lots of them camped at 

 100 feet, at least, up the steep but green hill-side at the end 

 of the harbour. 



These penguins do not hop, but run, and when closely pur- 

 sued throw themselves on their bellies on the ground, and 

 struggle along, rowing themselves with violent blows of their 

 wings on the sand or mud, dashing the mud into one's eyes, as 

 one chases them. When in the water, as they come to the sur- 

 face, they make a sort of very feeble imitation of the leap of the 

 crested penguins, never throwing the whole of the body out of 

 the water, but only the back. They are also to be seen 

 swimming about when undisturbed, with their head and back 

 out of the water, and body horizontal. 



Another penguin, the "Eock Hopper" (Eudyptes saltator), 

 the same species that occurs at Tristan da Cunha, but a little 

 smaller, as far as I could judge, was nesting about the low cliffs 

 on the shore. The ground on which the nests were made was 

 very wet and filthy, and the nests were, like those of the 

 Jackass Penguins at the Cape of Good Hope, made of small 

 stones, raising the egg about an inch from the mud. These 

 penguins were exactly like the Tristan ones in their cry, and 

 were quite as savage, but then they were in full sight, and not 

 amongst grass ; for though there was plenty of grass just over 

 them, nearly a foot in height, they prefer to build where the 

 ground is quite bare. The birds therefore for some reason have 



