1 08 Hai sliberg-er. — Maize : 



occupied an extensive area from the Atlantic to the Missis- 

 sippi River, and from the Tennessee River south to the Gulf. 

 The Choctas were farthest to the west, along the Missis- 

 sippi ; the Muskokis were farther eastward. Their artistic 

 development was somewhat similar to that of the mound- 

 builders, 1 who have left such interesting remains in the Ohio 

 Valley, and there is, to say the least, a strong probability 

 that they are the descendants of those ancient builders 

 driven to the south by the irruption of the wild tribes of 

 the north. 2 



The general trend of the Siouan migration has been west- 

 ward. In comparatively late prehistoric times probably most 

 of the Siouan tribes dwelt east of the Mississippi. The later 

 Siouan territory came in contact with the Comanche, a 

 Shoshonean family, on the west. The Mandans attained a 

 certain degree of culture, but the majority of the tribes pur- 

 sued the herds of buffaloes and lived on the bounties of 

 nature generally. The Sioux cultivated the soil 3 spasmodi- 

 cally, for when they moved west across the Mississippi, maize 

 was not cultivated to the east, but was subsequently intro- 

 duced. 



The Kioways, occupying a central position in the west, 

 were given to a wild hunting life, 4 and considered agriculture 

 a degradation (Whipple). They were the Arabs of the 

 American desert, depending on hunting and robbery for sub- 

 sistence. 



The Caddos, or Pawnees, occupied an intermediate terri- 

 torial position between the tribes east of the Mississippi and 

 the tribes to the southwest, along the Mexican border. Their 

 nation extended from the Mississippi on the east to western 

 Texas, and from the Kioway and Siouan dominions on the 

 north to the Gulf of Mexico on the south. Agriculture was 

 more in favor among them than generally on the plains. 

 Maize, pumpkins and squashes were cultivated, each family 



1 See page 98. 



- Brinton, American Race, 88 ; Essays of an Americanist, 1890, 67. 



3 Bureau of Ethnology Rep, 1885-86, 112; Dorsey, American Naturalist, 1886, 220 ;. 

 Srinton, American Race, 98; Bancroft, Native Races, 1, 491. 



4 American Race, 10 1. 



