2 



ESSENTIALS OF VEGETABLE PHARMACOGNOSY, 



teristic movements are present in all 

 plants. 



The study of the organic kingdom con- 

 stitutes Biology. Biology in attention to 

 the structure of bodies is Anatomy. Bi- 

 ology in attention to functions is Physi- 

 ology. We have therefore both animal 

 and plant anatomy, and animal and plant 

 physiology. Biology relating to plants is 

 Botany. Owing to the totally different 

 methods of examination employed in the 

 two cases it becomes of the greatest con- 



existence which existed in the beginning, 

 all having originated through changes 

 effected in some manner in those which 

 formerly existed, one of the great objects 

 of botanical study is to ascertain the 

 genetic relationships which exist between 

 plants and to constitute such a systematic 

 arrangement of them as shall, so far as 

 practicable, indicate the lines and order 

 of their development from others. This 

 department constitutes Systematic Bot- 

 any. Since such classification is based 



venience to divide anatomy, in practice, chiefly upon structure it is necessary that 



into two parts. That part depending upon 

 observations which can be pursued with- 

 out the aid of the compound microscope 

 is known as Gross Anatomy. That which 

 requires such aid is Minute Anatomy, or 

 Histology. Applied to botany the latter 

 is commonly known as Microscopical 

 Botany, a term which, though incongru- 

 ous, possesses the excellent merit of being 

 highly convenient and thoroughly expres- 

 sive. As the study of botany involves the 

 use of physics and chemistry, it is appar- 

 ent that when so applied they become 

 parts of botany, just as botany becomes a 

 part of physics or chemistry when ap- 

 plied in the pursuit of those branches. 

 The propriety of such terms as "chemical 

 botany" or ''botanical chemistry" is thus 

 explained- 



In accordance with fundamentally dif- 

 ferent considerations which concern us 

 in studying botany at different times, 

 various departments of the science are 

 recognized. When such considerations 

 have the attainment of scientific truth as 



there should be a department known as 

 Structural Botany. Before the facts as- 

 certained by the structural botanist can 

 be utilized in classification it is necessary 

 that the relative ranks of the structural 

 characteristics should be determined. Of 

 any two structural characteristics that 

 which was first developed, or is the older 

 in creation, should form the basis of the 

 primary division of the gronp, the other 

 of a sub-division. In ascertaining such' 

 relative ranks a consideration of the uses 

 of the several characters is of great value, 

 so that Physiological Botany or Vegetable 

 Physiology is brought into service. The 

 genesis of plants is in no way more cer- 

 tainly indicated than ia the appear- 

 ance of the remains of their an- 

 cestors in earth formations, the study 

 of which constitutes FossU Botany 

 or Paleo-Botany. A knowledge of the 

 geographical distribution of plants is of 

 great service in the same direction, and 

 this constitutes Geographical Botany. As 

 the genesis of any particular kind of 



their aim, these several departments per- plant is frequently indicated in the early 

 tarn to Scientific Botany, as, for instance, states through which an individual of that 



a study of the natural processes of fer- 

 tilization of the ovule. If upon the other 

 hand the object be the utilization of such 

 truths in advancing the arts, they belong 

 to Economic or Applied Botany, as, for 

 instance, the artificial fertilization of 



kind passes, the truths of Vegetable Em- 

 bryology are of great assistance to the 

 systematist. Each of these divisions may 

 in turn become the principal object of pur- 

 suit and all the others become tributary 

 to it. Each also has its peculiar phases 



ovules in such a way that the resulting and its subdivisions. For example, when 



seeds will produce new and superior va- 

 rieties of useful plants. 



DEPARTMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC BOTANY. 



structural botany has for its object merely 

 the determination of the organs as they 

 exist it becomes Organography, When 



The departments of scientific botany, and such object is to determine the develop- 



the manner in which one may arise from ment of organs through the transforma^ 



the necessities of another and contribute tions of others it becomes, in a restricted 



to it, may be illustrated as follows: It sense, Organogeny or Morphology. 



being understood that no plants are now in The ancestral organ and its develooed 



