14 



ESSENTIALS OF VEGETABLE PHARMACOGNOSY 



FitT. 28a 



-C 



a 



-ij'"' .ft- 



FCj. 30. 



wanting. Such forms constitute Regular 

 Suppression. Irregular Suppression is 



as a separate pistil or all united into one. 



The number of stamens is normally twice 



that of each of the other kinds — that is, displayed in the calyx of the Claytonia 



they form two circles, whatever the ex- (Fig. 40), with three of its five sepals 



planation of their origin. A flower con- 



ctructed in accordance with this law is 



said to be Symmetrical. Thus the flower 

 of Hippurus (Fig. 29 and, in longitudinal 

 section, Fig. 30) has an entire calyx, no 

 corolla, one stamen and one carpel, and is, 

 at least as to its present state, l-merous 

 or mono-merous. The symmetrical flower 

 of the Bicuculhi (Fig. 24) possesses two 

 sepals (a), 4 petals (b), or possibly 4 

 sepals and 2 petals, 6 stamens (c) and a 

 2-oarpelled pistil (d), and is said to be 

 2-merous or di-merous. That of the Vera- 

 trum (Fig, 25) is similarly based on the 

 plan of 3, and is called 3-merous or tri- 

 merous. Oenothera (Fig. 2G) is 4-merous 

 or tetra-merous. The Geranium (Fig. 27) 

 Is 5-merous or penta-merous. Fig. 28 

 displays the plan of the Geranium flower, 

 as seen in cross section, and admirably 

 illustrates the law to be next considered. 

 The term Isomerous is used to indicate 

 that the same number of parts enter into 

 the formation of the two or more circles 

 to which the term is applied. 



There are several forms of deviation 

 from this law. Through Suppression 

 there may have come to be too few parts 



and through Duplication there 



have 



come to be too many. Of each variation 

 there are two forms. In the monochlamy- 

 deous flower of Pulsatilla (Fig. 16) sup- 

 pression of the entire petal-circle has oc- 

 curred. In the staminate and pistillate 

 flowers of the willow all except a single 

 circle are suppressed. In the Clavtonia 



wanting, the androecium of the 4 or 5 

 merous flower of Horse-chestnut, which 

 usually lacks 1 to 3 of the requisite num- 

 ber of stamens, and the gynaecium of the 

 saxifrage, which has but 2 carpels. In 

 the flower of the common olive both forms 

 appear to have occurred, for only 2 of its 8 

 stamens remain. To irregular suppres- 

 sion the term Abortion has been applied^ 

 while by others this is restricted to sup- 

 pression in which a vestige of the lost 

 organ remains. 



Regular duplication is seen in the 

 5-merous flower of the strawberry (Fig. 

 31), with its 10 sepals; the 3-meroa» 

 flowers of Magnolia (Fig. 32), with 6 to 9 

 petals, and of Menispermum, with 12 to 24 

 stamens, and in the 5-merous flower of 

 Malva, which frequently has 10 or more 

 carpels. Irregular Duplication is exhib- 

 ited in the androecium of the MustarJ 

 (Fig. 33), where the multiplication of 2 

 of the stamens into 4 has occurred. This 

 result has occurred by the dividing up of 

 each into two. The division of an organ 

 into two or more is called Chorisis, We 

 assume that the mass of tissue forming 

 the part should have developed entire^ 

 but that at certain points upon its margin 

 separated points have protruded. If 

 growth within each of these points shall 

 not continue, the growth being restricted 

 to the unseparated mass below, then at 

 the maturity of the organ they will still 

 preserve the appearance of more or less 

 small lobes, teeth or protuberances. But 



ii — ^^i^i^x^o^^w. XXX lutr vjirt^vLuuia Kmaii looes, teetn or protuoerances, anx 

 <Fig. 40) one complete stamen circle is if. on the contrary, the growth below 



