18 



ESSENTIALS OF VEGETABLE PHARMACOGNOSY. 



lated portions, by which process they 

 must continue separate. But this form 

 % of growth of the parts does not always 

 occur. Very commonly the point of growth 

 changes or becomes restricted to the 



the coloeynth (Fig. 43). In this case, as 

 in all cases where one or more circles are 

 adnate to the gynaecium, the free or un- 

 united ends of the parts must lose the 

 appearance of emanating from the torus 



basal portion, where the development has and must appear to emanate from the 



not yet separated them from one another. 

 The projection of this undivided or un-* 



gyjiaocium. They are, therefore, said to 

 be Epigynous. At this point the student 



separated portion from the torus, and its should not fail to impress himself with an 

 subsequent growth, must clearly result understanding of the fact that in all such 

 in the development of a portion of the cases the epigynous organs really orig- 



flower consisting of more than one floral 

 part in union. The component parts are 

 usually indicated by more or less of a 

 separation at the apex of the resulting 

 body. 



There is no other direction in which de- 

 viation from the type represented in Fig. 

 41 is so frequent and variable as this, nor 

 in which the results are so far-reaching 

 or call for so extensive a classification 

 and terminology. The deviations are of 

 two classes. When a part is united lat- 

 erally with another part of the same cir- 

 cle the condition is called Connation, Co- 

 hesion, Coalescence or Syngenesis. When 

 connation does not exist the parts are said 

 to be Distinct or Eleutherous. Connation 

 will be discussed in our detailed considera- 

 tion of the several floral parts, Some- 



inate at the torus, and that in a cross- 

 section through the adherent portions the 

 microscope will often demonstrate the 

 tissues of such a part adnate to those of 

 the part from which it appears to emanate. 

 In descriptive phraseology the term 

 *'Calyx adherent" always means **ad- 

 hereut to the ovary," or epigynous, even 

 though the words **to the ovary" are 

 omitted. Another mode of stating the 

 same condition is to say ''Ovary inferior 

 or "Calyx superior." It frequently hap 

 pens that the condition is only partial, 

 when the terms "Half inferior" and 

 'Tartly inferior" are employed. There 

 are cases where proper application of any 

 of these terms is doubtful and some per- 

 plexity is created. 

 The insertion of a corolla or an androe- 



9f 



times the parts stand close together, ap- ^ium which is adherent to a free calyx 



pearing as though coherent or agglutin- 

 ate, but are neither. They are then said 

 to be Connivent- 



In the second form, called Adnation or 

 Adhesion, one circle is united with an- 

 other. Strictly speaking, the two last 

 terms are not exactly equivalent, as ad- 

 hesion includes agglutination, while adna- 

 tion does not. Agglutination is a state 

 which may be mistaken for adhesion, or 

 more especially for cohesion. It is a cling- 

 ing together of parts by virtue of some 

 interposed substance, rather than true 

 adnation of tissue? 



Adhesion may affect any two or more 



(as in the cherry. Fig. 44). or of an 

 androecium adherent to a free corolla, as 

 in the Phlox (Fig. 45), is denominated 

 Perigynous. Organs which are not in any 

 way adherent are denominated Free, and 

 because their insertion is manifestly upon 

 the torus, underneath the gynaecium, they 

 are said to be Hypogynous. 



With the stamens adnate to the pistil 

 the flower is said to be Gynandrous (Fig. 

 42). The body thus formed of the united 

 androecium and gynaecium is technically 

 known as the Column. (See also "Stamen- 

 column."). 

 Two cases arise in which the student 

 circles of the flower, and it may affect an may be led to erroneously assume true 

 entire circle or only one or more of its epigyny. The first is where the disk en- 



parts. 



Thus Fig, 42 illustrates a petal of the 

 Vanilla, adnate to the gynaecium, while 



larges upward, surrounding the gynaecium 

 and adhering to it; the other where the 

 end of the branch is hollowed and the 



the other petals are free. It is plain that gynaecium sunken into and adnate to it, 



when the calyx and the gynaecium are the other or 



nr 



boinir thus elevated 



adnate all the intervening circles must be 

 included in the condition, as in the case of 



above and apparently, but not really, upon 

 the ovary (Figs. 46 and 47). 



