ANDRCECIUM; GYN.ECIUM. 



31 



modification of the connpctive, or it may 

 result from the disappearance of th^ con- 

 nective. Instead of the b;*se, the back 

 of the connective mify he appendaged. 

 It may become expanded into a disk-like 

 form over the backs of the tbecae, as In 

 Gratiola (Fig. 142). The backs of the an- 

 thers may be excavated to receive it, as 

 in Aloe (Fig. 143), or it may be appen- 

 daged in any other direction, Appen- 



dages of any form may develop at its 

 apex. In the Compositae these are fre- 

 quently trianguhir, as in Eupatorium (Fig. 

 144 a), or lance-shaped. In- the Asaruin 

 (Fig, 145) it is an awn, while in the Violet 

 (Fig. 146) it is sail-shaped. Sometimes it 

 is formed like a feather (Plumose). It re- 

 mains to be pointed out that the thecae 

 themselves may be similarly appeudaged 

 at any part. Fig. 108 displays Caudae, or 

 tails, which are found in a great variety of 

 fonns. In Fig. 126a, Alae, or wings, are 

 illustrated. Fig. 147 displays dorsal spurs 

 or claws (Calcarate) which frequently 

 are borne at the top. Apical awns to the 

 thecae, forked and pore-bearing at the 

 summit, are also shown in Fig. 147. The 

 corona, described in connection with the 

 corolla, 13 developed to a remarkable de- 

 gree in the passion-flower (Fig. 14S a). 

 The stamen-column itself is subject to re* 

 markable and characteristic appendaging, 

 with or without connection with an ad- 

 nate disk. Ordinarily, the summit of the 

 stamen-tube terminates at the beginning 

 of the distinct portion of the stamens, but 



ward in the sinuses of the anthers, and 

 this portion may be lobed and appendaged 

 in the most beautiful manner. 



Stamens which extend beyond the mar- 

 gin of the corolla are called Exserted or 

 Exsert. This term is also applicable to 

 any organ which projects beyond the 

 pengone. 



THE GYNAECIUM. 



It has been shown that the gynaecium, 

 except in those rare cases in which a cen- 

 tral appendage of the torus is projected 

 upward, occupies the centre or summit 

 of the flower; that it consists of one or 

 more carpels or carpophylls which may be 

 all coherent into a single pistil, the Syn- 

 carpous, Gamocarpous or Compound Pis- 

 til (Fig. 155), or may each form a sep- 

 arate pistil, the Apocarpous, 3ionocar- 

 pellary or Simple Pistil, and that ordina- 

 rily the carpels alternate with the stamens 

 of the adjacent circle. The parts of the 

 pistil have been detinod and it has been 

 shown that of theye the stipe or theca- 



phore is rarely present, and that the style 



iji very frt^quently ahsent, resulting In 

 the Sessile Stigma. The different forms 

 of adhesion and its effects, as well as 

 those of suppression and metamorphosis, 

 have also been explained. Some addi- 

 tional facts of a general nature must be 

 considered before taking up the details 

 of this subject. The student should from 

 the outset resist the temptation to seek 

 the characters of the gynaecium in the 

 mature or immature fruit, because of its 

 more convenient size. While many of 

 the characters of the g3'naecium are per- 

 manent, there are many others which 

 entirely disappear after the fertilization 

 of the ovules, and others which only theD 

 make their appearance. The other parts 

 of the flower should be completely 

 stripped off, this operation being per- 

 formed under close and continuous scru- 

 tiny, with the idea of detecting any char- 

 acteristics of relationship between them 

 and the gynaecium. The latter should 

 then be carefaily examined f'n sftie. An 

 implement should he passed down between 

 the carpels to determine what degree of 

 cohesion,, if any, exists between them, 

 for this will occasionally be found at the 



sometimes, as very generally in the Amar- very base only, and also to determine if 

 anthaceae (Fig. 149), it is continued up- there be any adhesion to a central pro- 



