'&2 



ESSENTIALS OF VEGETABLE PHARMACOGNOSY. 



longation of the torus. The details of 

 attachment to the torus must also be de- 

 termined and their arrangement consid- 

 ered. When numerotis, the pistils are 

 apt to assume the spiral arrangement 

 which has alreadj' been noticed in re- 

 ferring to position of floral parts. When 

 solitary, the carpel assumes a position to 

 one side of the axis, thus demonstrating its 

 isolation by the suppression of the com- 

 plementary parts of the circle. A lack 

 of uniformity, as indicating abortion of 



cal style of Piper, Fig. 156 an obconical 

 one; Fig, 157, one obconico-prismatic; Fig, 

 158, a clavate form; Fig. 159, one with a 

 hnlbous base; the style branches in Fig. 

 160 are filiform; in Fig. 161 they are fili- 

 form and plumose; in Fig. 1G2, capillary, 

 and in Fig. 163, subulate. 



The position and form of the stigma 

 are of very great importance in classi- 

 fication. It has already been shown that 

 ^'h^e the stigma is commonly located at 

 or near the apex it may extend, either en- 





Fig. '5"3, 



F, 



g,/55 



Ti^ ^*V8 



one or more carpels, must be looked for. tiro or divided into two lines, for a greater 

 When all are uniformly aborted, in the 

 case of flowers which are hermaphrodite 

 but imperfect, this fact will sometimes 

 escape detection unless both forms of 

 flower are examined. Tlie color, texture 

 and surface of the carpels call for minute 

 examination in all cases, though there 

 are no peculiarities of a general nature 

 differing from those of the other organs. 

 As in the case of the petals, so in that of 

 the carpels, the general form is deter- 

 mined by that of the foliage leaves; but 

 the form is less closely preserved and the 

 homology is far less apparent here than 

 there, owing to the far more profound 

 modifications which are rendered neces- 

 sary by the peculiar functions of the car- 

 pels, a consideration which will further 

 on be seen to apply with special force to 

 the fruit condition. 



The position of the style often calls for 

 scrutiny. It does not always rise, as 

 would he expected, from the summit of 

 the ovary. One process by which devia- 

 tion results is illustrated by Fig. 150, 

 which represents the deeply lobed ovary 

 of borage, the single style rising from 

 the fissure in the cejitre. If, now, all but 



Fig- iboiKf^ J.^ n^, ib'^. 



Fig. i6i 



fez. 



or less distance down the ventral margin 



to become aborted, the style would be seen 

 rising more or less laterally (Figs. 151 and 

 152). or even basally (Fig. 153), from a 

 monocarpellary ovary. Even though the 

 styles remain separate in such a divided 

 ovary, yet their insertion is necessarily 

 carried toward the base (Fig. 1.54). 



The same descriptive terms already ap- 

 plied to the filament apply equally to 

 the style and its branches. Owing to 

 the frequency with which styles are co- 

 herent, ribbed, channelled or angled forms 

 are common. Fig. 155 illustrates the coni- 



If several united styles are separate at 

 the summit, or upper portions, their 

 stigmas are commonly borne upon their 

 inner faces, as in this case, and are fre- 

 quently, by the cohesion of the former in 

 the young condition, secluded from the 



time 



of pollen until a certain 

 (Figs. 164 and 236). Between the condi- 

 tion of complete separation and complete 

 cohesion of se^veral stigmas there are all 

 degrees of division and of lobiug of the 

 divisions (Figs. 165 to 168). A stigma 

 which is strictly terminal and more or less 

 spherical, thus resembling a head, is Capi- 



