36 



ESSENTIALS OF VEGETABLE PHARMACOGNOSY. 



straight line, have a tendency to turn 

 their foramina away from one another. 

 As to the directions, in relation to the 



which ovules assume, they are 



when standing erect 



203) 



ovary, 

 Erect (Fig. 

 from the base; Suspended (Fig. 204) when 

 occupying an exactly opposite position; 

 Horizontal (Fig. 205) when taking a direc- 

 tion at right angles to the axis of the 

 ovary; Ascending (Fig. 206) when directed 

 obliquely upward from some point inter- 

 mediate between base and apex, and 

 Pendulous (Fig. 207) when directed 

 obliquely downward from such a point. 

 When starting as an ascending ovule and 

 afterward drooping (Fig. 208) an ovule is 

 Resupinate, or when as in Fig. 209. Re- 

 curved-pendulous. 



An ovule may have its direction ob- 

 scured by peculiarities of attachment. 

 Thus, in Loxopterygium (Fig. 152), the 

 real base becomes, by extreme obliquity, 

 apparently lateral and causes an erect 

 ovule to be apparently ascending. That 

 of Anemone is suspended, but owing to 

 the same condition apparently only pendu- 

 lous. The terms erect and suspended are 

 after all only relative, as we can never be 

 sure that an ovule which appears in such 

 position is really the uppermost or lower-' 

 most of its series. Very often others 

 which would have been in reality the 

 basal or apical have become aborted, as 

 in the last case illustrated. 



at the apex by the failure of the coats to 

 completely inclose the nucellus is the 

 Micropyle. The structurally opposite end 

 of the body, or the point where nucellus, 



% ^0 a. 



f'la 20q. 



F,g.2/0 



S 



F 



g.2.// 



fn 



r<g.:?-ia 



Fi rj. ^/3. 



coats and apex of funiculus separate from 

 one another (c), is the Chalaza. If the 

 body become inverted upon its funiculus, 



A merely recurved ovule is not to be either partly (Fig. 212) or wholly (Fig. 

 mistaken for an anatropous ovule. The 211). the portion of the funiculus against 

 latter has the contiguous portion of the ^hich it lies (r) will become adnate to it 



funicle adherent as a rhaphe, which comes 

 away with the seed at maturity. 



The recognized varieties of ovules are 

 based upon the external structures, 

 which will here be briefly considered. The 

 details of their inner structure will be con- 

 sidered in our chapter on fertilization. 

 The ovule consists of a Body (Fig. 200, a) 

 and Funiculus or Stem (b). Named in the 



and is known as the Rhaphe (also spelled 

 Raphe). The portion of the funiculus re- 

 maining free (f) is then specifically known 

 as the funiculus. When hereafter in this 

 work the last term is used it will be un- 

 derstood as applying to this free portion. 

 It is thus seen that the rhaphe is limited 

 at its distal end by the chalaza; but sep- 

 aration of this seed at maturity cannot 



order of time in which they are devel- take place at this point, owing to the adna- 



tion of the rhaphe, as it would do if no 

 such adnation existed. Separation in such 

 case must take place at the point where 

 rhaphe and funiculus join; hence the 

 Hilum, as such point of separation is 

 called, may be variously situated, and 

 need not coincide with the chalaza. In 



oped the parts of the body are as fol- 

 lows: The Nucellus, or central portion 

 (Figs. 210-213, n), containing the parts 

 essential to reproduction, and two coats, 

 the Primine or inner (k) and Seeundine or 

 outer (s). Certain parts of these, or points 

 upon them, also have distinctive names. 



The more or less circular opening (m) left Fig. 210 it is at the chalaza, in Fig. 211 



