THE TORUS. 



37 



at the opposite end (h), while in Fig. 212 

 (h) it is about half way between. The 

 parts here enumerated are not always 

 conspicuous and may be easily overlooked 



by the beginner. 



The nucellus Is the essential part of the 

 ovule, which in some cases consists of 

 nothing else, and even this may be re- 

 duced to its lowest essential elements. 

 An ovule without either coat is Naked or fact depending upon its position and the 



lination and fertilization, and the changes 

 in the several parts of the flower conse- 

 quent thereon, we must consider in detail 



the torus and its modiflcations. 



THE TORUS. 

 The fundamental principles of anthol- 

 ogy are based upon the uature of the 

 torus as a modified branch. We have al- 

 ready considered the evidences of this 



Achlamydeoiis; with only primine it is 

 Monochlamydeous, and with both it is 

 Dichlamydeous. An ovule without funic- 

 ulus, and the same is true of any organ 

 not borne upon a stem, is Sessile. The 

 form of the funiculus, as well as its di- 

 rection, always calls for inspection. It 

 may be very short and broad (Fig, 210), 



relative positions of the parts developing 

 upon it. We shall now considersome which 

 depend upon its modifications. These are 

 in part permanent and typical and in pnrt 

 exceptional and abnormal. Among the 

 latter we note that in those frequent 

 cases in which the parts of tiowers revert 

 to the leaf condition the torus' often elon- 



or elongated and slender (Fig. 209), and gates, separating the floral series exactly 



the latter form may be either straight or 

 variously curved. An ovule with a rhaphe 

 is Anatropoiis when completely inverted 

 (Fig. 211), the rhaphe running its entire 

 length ; Amphitropous when this condi- 

 tion is but partial (Fig. 212). When the 

 body of the ovule is doubled (Fig. 213), 

 its relation to the funiculus not considered, 

 it is Campylotropous. An ovule which is 

 none of these, being both straight and 

 erect, is Atropous or Orthotropous (Fig. 

 210). 

 Before proceeding to the subject of pol- 



as whorls or spirals of leaves are sep- 

 arated upon a branch. At other times it 

 will be continued beyond the apex or cen- 

 tre of a flower in the form of a leafy 

 branch. Occasionally one of the sepals 

 will be found at its proper radial point, 

 but distant from the rest of the calyx, a 



r 



portion of the flower stem intervening. 

 A similar condition, but affecting an en- 

 tire series, normally characterizes certain 

 species or groups of species. The elonga- 

 tion may affect any internode or inter- 

 nodes. When (Fiff. 214 a) it is between 



^10. 



