CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS. 



53 



fruit with a sarcocarp and epicarp and a is commonly restricted to fruits related to 



•ingle thick bony putamen. Although 

 typically one celled and one seeded, the 

 term in applicable to similar fruits with 



Fig. 385. 



Fig, 2 B 6. 



rig. 281 



•'■a. 



ig. 490 



n 



g. ^^$. 



f.^.^n 



several cells enclosed in a single sarco- 

 carp, but each seed possessing its own put- 

 amen. Each putamen with its own seed 

 is then called a Pyrena or Pyrene. Fa- 

 miliar illustrations of the typical drupe 

 among medicinal plants are the prune, 

 sumach and pepper, and of the several 

 celled form that of the Rhamnus. As in 

 most other classes of fruits we find here 

 a gradation into other classes, most com- 

 monly into the Schizocarp. A peculiar 

 fruit, in its general structure related to 

 the drupe, is the so-called legume of the 

 tamarind, which possesses an esocarp sim- 

 ilar to that of a pepo, a distinct edible 

 sarcocarp afid a crustaceous endocarp or 

 putamen containing several seeds. 

 Pyrena (Fig. 288).— (Already considered 



under drupe). 



The Drupelet (Fig. 263, a).— Differing 

 from the Pyrena in that it possesses not 

 only its own separate putamen, but sarco- 

 carp as well. It is one of many small 

 drupes belonging to an aggregate or mul- 

 tiple fruit. 



The Pome (Fig. 264).— A fleshy fruit 

 with a thin chartaceous or cartilaginous 

 putamen* It is several celled. The term 



the apple. 



The Schizocarp (Figs. 247» 289 and 

 290). — The typical schizocarp should be 

 defined as a fruit which divides septJci- 

 dally at maturity into one seeded carpels. 

 Because, however, schizocarps frequently 

 vary in the constancy and completeness 

 with which they undergo this process, 

 they are defined as "divisible," rather 

 than "dividing." There are, moreover, 

 cases in which they divide into one seeded 

 parts of carpels. The comprehensive defi- 

 nition, therefore, should be fruits septic- 

 idally divisible at maturity into one 

 seeded parts. Schizocarps are commonly 

 provided with appendages for wind trans- 

 portation or for transportation by mechan- 

 ical adhesion to passing bodies. Those 

 forms which, as above stated, are interme- 

 diate toward drupes are to be classed in 

 one or the other class, according to 

 whether such appendages for distribution 

 or that of an edible pericarp is the more 

 pronounced. Even schizocarps which 

 are not cremocarps may possess a carpo- 

 phore, as in the geranium, though com- 

 monly they do not. 



The Cremocarp (Fig. 247).— A di-carpel- 

 lary schizocarp, the carpels attached to- 

 ward their summits to a slender carpo- 

 phore, from which they usually only in- 

 completely separate at maturity. The 

 term is restricted to the fruits of the 

 Umbelliferae. They are commonly pro- 

 vided with appendages for fixation to 

 passing bodies, frequently for wind trans- 

 portation, and not rarely combine these 

 two methods of distribution. (Conium, Cel- 

 ery, &c.). There is no class of fruits which 

 possesses a greater importance in phar- 

 macy, and hardly any whose histological 

 features are of greater interest The 

 plane of separation is called the Commis- 

 sure, a term applicable to a similar plane 

 in other fruits. (See Mericarp.) 



The Coccus Nucula or Nutlet (Figs. 289 

 and 290, a) is one of the divisions of a 

 schizocarp, and its nature has been ex- 

 plained in considering that group. The 

 term nutlet is commonly applied when the 

 pericarp is hard and close to the seeds. 



The Mericarp (Fig. 247, a).— One of the 

 halves into which a cremocarp is divisible. 

 Occasionally they are self-separating at 



