54 



ESSENTIALS OF VEGETABLE PHARMACOGNOSY. 



maturity, but usually only incompletely so. 

 They are one seeded and possess a com- 

 pletely adnate calyx and disk. The peri- 

 carp almost uniformly possesses external 

 appendages in the form of five or nine 

 ribs. When nine, they are commonly of 



The Samara.— An indehiscent fruit with 

 a winged pericarp. They are commonly 

 one seeded, as well as one carpelled, but 

 may be more- Typically, it is the ovarian 

 wall or the tube of an adnate calyx which 

 develops the wing, but there is no reason 



P, 



g.2^J 



g.Mg. 



two forms, alternating with one another. 

 A part or all of them are much subject 

 to extension into variously appendaged 

 wings. Internally the mesocarp is almost 

 uniformly traversed upon both the faces 

 and the backs of the carpels by tubes 

 called Vittae, commonly with suberoua 

 walls and filled with volatile oil. The 

 dorsal vittae alternate in position with the 

 ribs. Upon thin transverse sections these 

 oil ducts or vittae appear as perforations, 

 and as to their number and position serve 

 the most important purposes in diagnosis 

 and identification, as do also the ribs. 

 Mericarps are of three classes:— (1) The 

 Coelospermous, characterized by the pos- 

 session of a concave face; (2), the Campy- 

 lospermous, characterized by the posses- 

 sion of a longitudinally grooved face, and 



(3), the Orthospermous, possessing a plane 

 face 



The Silicle.— (See Silique.) 



F, 



I 



g.5?6. 



a. 



'g 



.29:r 



why the term should not be extended to 

 include similarly transportable fruits with 

 wings consisting of the accrescent limb 

 of a calyx (Figs. 247 and 248). or corolla 

 (Fig. 251), or a surrounding alate bract 

 (Fig. 252).CommonIy the samara possesses 

 but a single wing, unilateral, as in the 

 ash (Fig. 291), or circular, as in the elm 

 (Fig. 246), but not rarely more than one 

 wing is present, as in the maple (Fig. 292), 

 or many Malpighiaceae (Fig. 293). 



The Utricle (Fig. 294).— A one seeded in- 

 dehiscent fruit, the seed enclosed in a 

 thin, bladdery or inflated pericarp. It is 

 commonly one celled, but occasionally sev- 

 eral celled. Ordinarily they eventually 

 become irregularly ruptured, but in a few 

 forms there is a regular ventral opening, 

 approaching toward dehiscence. 



The Akene or Achenium (Figs. 61 to 67 

 and 296).— A small, indehiscent, one seed- 

 ed, seedlike fruit, the pericarp somewhat 



