88 



ESSENTIALS OF VEGETABLE PHARMACOGNOSY 



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has already been indicated. Three special 

 forms of toothing are recognized, in ac- 

 cordance with the form and direction of 

 the teeth. When the latter point in an 

 outward direction the margin is called 

 Dentate (Fig. 443); when directed toward 

 the apex of the leaf, Serrate (Fig. 444); 

 when, instead of being pointed, the teeth 

 are rounded, the margin is Crenate (Fig. 

 445). Diminutives of these terms, indi- 

 catiag that the teeth are very small, are 

 Denticulate, Serrulate (Fig. 446) and Cren- 

 ulate. To any of these terms the word 

 "Minute" may be prefixed as indicating 

 that the teeth are still smaller. Of each 

 of these three principal forms there are a 

 number of sub-forms. When the teeth 



**Doubly'* is prefixed (Fig. 447, doubly ser- 

 rate). When serrate teeth have their 

 points very strongly directed toward the 

 apex or appear as though pressed inward 

 against the margin, they are called Ap- 

 pressed (Fig. 447> partly). They may even 

 be Incurved. When, upon the other hand, 

 the ends of the teeth are turned outward, 

 they are called Salient. When the points 

 of the teeth are very fine and produced In 

 the form of bristles they are called Spino- 

 lose (Fig. 387). When a margin shows in- 

 dications of being dentate, serrate or cre- 

 nate, but the teeth are not distinctly pro- 

 nounced, the adjective Obscurely is pre- 

 fixed. For this word that of **Obsoletely" 

 fe prefixed when the leaf possesses a re- 



bear smaller or secondary teeth, the word lationsmp such as to make it probable that 



