100 



ESSENTIALS OF VEGETABLE PHARMACOGNOSY 



rouuded or conical; as to its being smooth 

 in surface, honeycombed or otherwise 

 pitted (foveolate), and if the latter the 

 special characters of the pits and their 

 margins; and as to its being naked or 

 clothed with hairs or scales, and the char- 

 acters of the latter. The head is then to 



68B) is invariably of the utmost import- 

 ance, as are the forms of the style- 

 branches and the appendages borne by 

 these at the apex and by the anthers at 

 apex and at base (see Androecium and 

 Gynoecium). Many special terms are ap- 

 plied to the forms of inflorescence leaves 



be considered as to the character ^.f its or bracts. A single large bract subteud- 

 flowers. If these are all similar, the head ing, surrounding or enclosing a spadix, is 



Is «aid to be Homogamous; if different, 

 Ileterogamous. If the flowers are all lig- 

 ulate, the head is Liguliflorate. If it pos- 

 sesses a disk (c), of tubular flowers (d), it 

 it Discoid. If this disk is surronnded bv 

 one or more circles of ligulate flowers 

 called Rays (e), it is Radiate. If the ray 

 flowers and disk flowers are of the snuie 

 color, the head is Homochromuus; if dif- 

 ferent, Heterochromous. The flowers 

 must next be studied as to their sex. The 

 ray flowers are commonly pistillate, while 

 the disk flowers are perfect, or the disk 

 flowers may vary among themselves in 

 this particular. Very commonly the ray 

 flowers are entirely neutral. Even if pis- 

 tillate they may be sterile. If both 

 classes of flowers are fertile, the akenes 

 which they produce may be heteromor- 

 phous, those of the disk being commonly 

 compressed, those of the rays commonly 

 triquetrous. Occasionally the heads are 

 dioecious or monoecious. In one tribe of 

 the Compositae the flowers are bilabiate. 

 The character of the pappus (Figs. 61 to 



called a Spathe (Fig. 493). 

 One group of natural orders, the grasses 



and grass-likeplantsdonot possess any ob- 

 vious perigoinne, its place being supplied 

 bypeculiarlyformed. adaptedand arranged 

 bracts in the form of scales or chaff, and 

 technically called Glumes, which give to 

 this group of orders the tide Glumaceae. 

 In the rushes these glumas really are a 

 true perigone, which is trimerous. In the 

 sedges (natural order Cyperaceae, Fig. 

 490), the scales (a) are solitary, subtend- 

 ing each flower. In the grasses (natural 

 order Gramineae) the glumes are ar- 

 ranged in pairs, each pair subtending a 

 short branch, which may bear only one, 

 several or many flowers, the whole 

 known as a Spikelet (Fig. 497). Typically 

 there is besides the two glumes of the 

 spikelet (a) an additional pair of scales 

 for each flower. Thus, if there be but 

 one flower in a spikelet, it possesses two 

 pairs of scales. If more than one, then 

 there is a separate pair of scales for each 

 flower, besides the one pair pertaining to 



