ANATOMY. = 5. = - 
te tongue, tongue bone, and top of the windpipe, being drawn for- 
vard and backward by their proper muscles. oS Sa ag 
The food is prevented, during the act of swallowing, from pers: 
into the back opening of the nostrils, the Eustachian tube, and wind- 
pipe, by the hanging palate veil and grape being pressed against 
the former, and the opening of the windpipe is shut up by the carti- 
ige at the root of the tongue. 
a fluid is to be drank, the head inclines backward, thesame 
actions take place, and the fluid passes on each side of the valve-like 
cartilage. During swallowing, the food is covered with the mucus 
of the fauces and food canal. 
~ 
= _ TOP OF THE WINDPIPE, 
A cartilaginous bag, situated behind the tongue, in the front ae 
of the fauces. It is composed of five cartilages ; .various muscles ; 
and an inner neryous membrane. he cartilages are, the valve 
cartilage at the root of the tongue; the shield cartilage, which is 
the largest; two funnel-like ; and the ring cartilage, which is below 
the shield. A very sensible membrane covers their internal sur- 
face. Use, it is the organ of the voice, and serves also for breath- 
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE VOICE, 
The voice is caused by the sound of the air propelled through the 
upper opening, or top of the windpipe. ‘The shrillness or roughness 
pends on the diameter of this opening, its elasticity, mobility, lu-_ 
bricity, and the foree with which the air is expelled ; thus, when 
the ter i8 increased, the voice is more base, and vice versa. 
SPEECH. 
Is the modification of the voice in the cavity of the mouth and 
nostrils. 
VENTRILOQUISM. 
Consists, (it is supposed,) inthe motion of the grape, valve carti- 
lage, and fauces, by which the sounds are modulated without the — 
lips, teeth, or palate. The mouth being nearly shut, and the voice — 
resounding between the funnel of the windpipe and cavity of the 
nose, the sound is returned, a8 if emitted by some one at a distance. 
fe and expansive Jungs, and a deep chest, are supposed to favor — 
ventriloquism, 
WINDPIPE. 
A tube composed of cartilaginous rings, eomineed from the funnel, 
and situated before the gullet. It descends to the breast bone, and. 
there divides into two branches, one to each lobe. These enter the — = 
Substance of the lungs, and divide into innumerable branches, which _ 
terminate inair cells. The cartilaginous rings of the vn = 
not completely cartilaginous, but fleshy on the back part. 
ome is lied with a very sensible membrane, ¢ 
