HISTORY. 33 
to the preparation of distilled waters, whereby all conceivable 
herbs, and things of an entirely different nature, were brought 
together in a senseless manner. Here and there Brunschwig 
inserted a notice worthy of consideration, relating to a plant, 
for instance, one from which it may be concluded that at the 
end of the fifteenth century /avender was cultivated in Germany, 
and anise near Strassburg. Brunschwig’s book corresponded, 
moreover, so much to the views of that time, that in the year 
1597, an Augsburg physician, Adolf Occo, introduced one hun- 
dred and forty different Aque@ destillate into the “‘ Pharmacopea 
Augustana.” 
Subsequent to the year 1531, Otto Brunfels had numerous 
figures of plants prepared at Strassburg, some of which are very 
good, and are still worthy of notice as the earliest good exam- 
ples of the application of woodcuts to botanical purposes. His 
descriptions are, indeed, of an incomparably lower order than 
those contained in the herbals of his direct successors, Cordus 
(see p. 32), Bock (Tragus), Fuchs and Gesner. ll these 
German “fathers of botany” of the sixteenth century, though 
not exclusively physicians, have also, through their writings, 
furnished pharmacy with a more exact knowledge respecting the 
indigenous medicinal plants, a large number of which were, 
at that time, kept at the pharmacies. It was also at this period 
of general reformation that Brunfels (in his ‘‘ Reformation der 
Apotheken”’) brought forward a list of drugs, prepared without 
much judgment, but containing those which appeared to him 
worthy of commendation, under the title ‘‘ Ein gemeyne beset- 
zung einer Apotheken, von Simplicibus.” 
11. To the discovery and settlement of America we are in- 
debted for a number of substances already in use by the 
people of that country, which soon found their way to Spain, 
Portugal, and other parts of Europe. The writers of those two 
countries, Gonzalo Fernandez (Oviedo), Monardes, and Hernan- 
dez, who were the first to devote attention to the natural pro- 
ducts of the new world, also began to describe medicinal plants’ 
more accurately than had been done before. 
Thus America gradually furnished: Balsamum Copaiva, 
'3 
