34 TREATMENT OF THE SUBJECT-MATTER. 
Bals. peruvianum, Bals. tolutanum, Cascarilla, Cinchona, 
Elemi, Folia Nicotiane, Fructus Capsici, Fr. Pimente 
(Amomt), Fr. Sabadille, Lignum Hematozryli, Lig. Fernam- 
buci (Brazil wood), Lig. Guaiaci, Lig. Quassie, Lig. Sassa- 
fras, Radix Ipecacuanhe, Rad. Sarsaparille, Rad. Senege, 
Rad. Serpentarie, Resina Guaiaci, Semen Cacao, Sem. Saba- 
dille, Tuber Jalape, and Vanilla. 
At a later period (1636-1641), the German geographer and 
astronomer Marcgraf, and the Dutch physician Piso, were jointly 
commissioned by the government of the Netherlands, to pro- 
mote the knowledge of Brazilian medicinal plants. Previous to 
this they had already furnished descriptions of Copaiva, Elemi, 
Jaborandi, Ipecacuanha, Matico and Tapioca. 
12. The re-awakening of the sciences at the beginning of the — 
new era also led to the gradual foundation of scientific botany, 
and in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to the medici- 
nal employment of a large number of plants of Central Europe, 
as well as of some few drugs from other parts of the world, 
which then arrived in Europe for the first time. Of the 
long series of plants and substances which are properly to be 
enumerated in this connection, there may be mentioned: Cate- 
chu, Cortez Frangule, Flores Arnice, Flores Chamomilla, Folia — 
Aconiti, Fol. Digitalis, Fol. Laurocerasi, Fol. Menthe piperite, 
Fol. Toxicodendri, Fol. Uve ursi, Herba Chenopodii ambrosior- 
dis, Herba Cochlearie, Herba Conii, Herba Hyoscyami, Herba 
Lobelia, Fructus Anisi stellati, Gummi-resina Gambogia, Kino, 
Lactucarium, Lichen islandicus, Lycopodium, Oleum Cajuputt, 
Ol. Rose, and other distilled oils, Radix Calumbe, Rhizoma 
Caricis, Rhiz. Filicis, Saccharum lactis, Secale cornutum, 
Tuber Chine and Tuber Colchici. 
13. In the cities of Germany, the stock, and especially the — 
prices of drugs in the pharmacies, were regulated by official 
ordinances, while pharmacies were also openly conducted on the 
part of the magistrates, or leased by them, In no other country — 
at that time were the affairs of pharmacy the subject of such 
thorough official attention. The manuscripts relating hereto, 
admit of a complete insight into the store-rooms and laboratories 
