HISTORY. 35 
of the pharmacies from the beginning of the sixteenth century. 
Such, for example, are the inventories of the senatorial phar- 
macy at Brunswick (Braunschweig) of the years 1518 to 1658," 
the catalogues of several other pharmacies, and a large number 
of price-lists which were issued in the course of the sixteenth, 
seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries in all German countries 
for the use of the apothecaries. It was rarely, however, that 
the latter were mentioned as participants in the official control, 
reference being usually made only to physicians and officials. 
By the aid of these manuscripts, many of which still remain 
buried in archives, the introduction and gradual distribution of 
many drugs may be traced, as, for example, some of those 
derived from America. These documents also afford positive 
information concerning the extensive cultivation of certain me- 
dicinal plants, which has long since been abandoned, as, e. Oss 
the Angelica near Freiburg, in the old district of Breisgau, 
Baden; Licorice, near Bamberg; Saffron, in England, Germany, 
and Austria, and Cassia obovata in Tuscany. 
An insight is also afforded into the obscure department of 
adulterations, to which drugs, as well as articles of food and luxu- 
ries, were subjected in the middle ages, no less than at any 
other time (see p. 22). The magistrates of German and Italian 
cities resorted to the most extreme police measures, even pun- 
ishment by death,’ for such offences, and authorized physicians 
to watch the apothecaries. In the ordinances accompanying the 
above-mentioned price-lists, and in special manuscripts, these 
regulations are quoted at great length. 
The unfortunate apothecary Zanoni de’ Rossi, of Venice, in 
the year 1402, when preparing the highly celebrated “ Theriac,” 
was detected in the omission of Rhubarb, Amomum, Opoponaz 
(“ Pharmacographia,” p. 327) and Saffron, even substituting 
1 For a copy of this, one of us(F.) is indebted to the apothecary Dr. 
Grote, in Brunswick. Compare also the notice of the latter in the 
Archiv der Pharm., 221 (1883), p. 417. 
* Flickiger, “‘ Pharmakognosie,” p. 740, Compare further the thor- 
ough work by Elben, “Zur Lehre von der Waarenfalschung.” A Ti- 
bingen dissertation, 1881, i 
