HISTORY. 37 
As is evident from Gesner’s “ Horti Germanixw” (see p. 32), 
he stood in active intercourse with apothecaries and other friends 
who were engaged in the cultivation of officinal plants. The 
opportunity was thus afforded of mentioning cinnamon, cloves, 
worm-seed, colocynth, and fenugreek, the mother plants of 
which were cultivated in a garden at Venice, in the quarter 
S. Gervasio.’ But the first public garden for scientific purposes 
is that at Padua. 
Buonafede also arranged in the botanical garden at Padua the 
first collection of drugs, ‘‘ Spezieria,” for purposes of instruc- 
tion, in which the dried, crude products of the Levant were 
preserved, in order to be employedas standards for the discrimi- 
nation of pure and adulterated articles. The garden and the 
collection are mentioned as two superabundant sources from 
which the most substantial knowledge may be obtained regard- 
ing those substances which contribute to the happiness of man- 
kind. Notwithstanding these efforts, Buonafede, at the age 
of 76 (in the year 1549) lost his position, and, having become 
blind, died in penury on the 15th of February, 1558. The pro- 
fessorial chair, ‘‘lettura de’ semplici,” was taken in the year 
1551 by Gabriel Falloppio.* : 
The University garden at Padua was followed in the year 1547 
by that of Pisa, in 1567 by Bologna, in 1577 by Leyden, and in 
1593 by Montpellier. In Germany the first botanical University 
garden was brought into existence in 1593 through the efforts of 
the medical faculty of Heidelberg; in the years 1624 and 1625 
Ludwig Jungermann ‘established the gardens of Giessen and Alt- 
dorf (near Nuremberg). It was first in 1628 that Paris also re- 
ceived such an one. In the year 1658 there wasa medical garden 
' Flickiger, loc. cit., p. 781. As early as 1330 the subject of a garden 
in Venice was agitated, which the celebrated physician Maestro 
Gualtieri wished to establish ‘‘ pro herbis necessariis arti sue.” ecm: 
Archivio Veneto, xxv. (1883), 375. 
2 R. de Visiani, ‘‘ Origine ed anzianita dell’ orto botanico di Padova.” — 
Venezia, 1839, 48 pages; and: ‘‘ Della vita e degli scritti di Francesco 
Buonafede.” Padova, 1845, pp. 24. 
3 Reess, ‘‘ Address of the Prorector.” Erlangen, 1884, 19. 
