38 TREATMENT OF THE SUBJECT-MATTER. 
in Westminster (London), which is presumed to have belonged to 
the “‘ Society of Apothecaries.” Prior to 1674, as it appears, the 
garden of this corporation was removed to Chelsea, where it still 
continues to exist.’ : 
15. In the second half of the sixteenth and in the course of the © 
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, pharmacognosy was prac- 
lically applied in the unnecessarily numerous pharmacopeias of 
different cities and countries of Europe, the largest number of 
which probably appeared in Germany. In this country, phar- 
macy had attained a high degree of development, as is shown by 
the official price-lists and various other ordinances. The first 
official pharmacopeeia, however, entitled ‘‘ Ricettario fioren- 
tino,” was published by the city of Florence in 1498. The num- 
ber of drugs brought together in these pharmacopeeias, dating 
from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, was so considera- 
ble, that but little mention was made of new additions. Beside 
the most important of all, the Cinchona-barks (introduced in 
Spain about 1640, in England in 1655, and in Germany about 
the year 1669), there are to be mentioned, by way of example, 
Ipecacuanha (about 1682), Catechu (in 1640), and Senega (1735). 
Efforts now began to be made in the direction of the chemical 
investigation of drugs, which at the end of the seventeenth and 
beginning of the eighteenth century received the attention of ~ 
numerous physicians and chemists; in Germany, ¢. g., by 
Friedrich Hoffmann in Halle (1660 to 1742) and the distinguished 
apothecary to the Court, Caspar Neumann of Berlin (1683 to 
1737), in Paris by the previously mentioned Geoffroy and 
we (see p. 5), and in England by Robert Boyle (1627 to 
691). 
Among the numerous and important discoveries of Scheele 
(1742 to 1786) there are but few which relate to drugs, although 
in this connection the discovery and examination of the acids 
most frequently occurring in plants was of the greatest im- 
portance. Scheele, in 1769, discovered tartaric acid, and in 1776 
recognized the distribution of oxalic acid, which had already 
' Fliickiger, ‘‘ Pharmakognosie.” 544, Note 6. 
