70 MORPHOLOGY. 
hair-like, and serve as organs of distribution, as well as of attach- 
ment of the fruits. 
In plants of the Malvacexw, there even appears, outside of 
the true calyx, an involucre of high leaves or bracts, forming an 
outer calyx (calyculus). In Fragaria, the outer calyx is formed 
from the stipules of the calyx leaves or sepals. 
Occasionally the perigon is reduced to small scales (Jodicule), 
as in the case of many grasses (compare Fig. 11, 7), certain spe- 
cies of Aconitum, and others. 
The andreceum' of the flower consists of the stamens.” 
They form the male or fertilizing organs, and bear upon a long 
stem (filament), which is occasionally branched or expanded in 
a leaf-like form at the base, the receptacles of the pollen grains, 
namely, the pollen-sacsin theanthers.? These receptacles, which 
are mostly two in number, constituting the so-called halves of the 
anthers or thec@,* are held together by the connective,° and, as a 
rule, contain, in each, two pollen-sacs, lying one above the other. 
There occur also so-called monothecous anthers (Ricinus, the 
Malvacew). It is rarely the case that one-half of the anther is 
fertile, and the other not (Salvia). The connective, rwhich is 
mostly short and but slightly developed, becomes occasionally 
long and thread-like (Salvia), and then holds the anthers wide 
apart. In other cases (Zilia), it forms a wide bridge. Rarely 
are the anthers destitute of filaments, or sessile. 
In order to discharge the pollen, the anthers open mostly by 
a longitudinal line or chink (cleft, rima), more rarely by valves 
(Lauraces). If they dehisce toward the interior, they are called 
' introrse ;° if, on the contrary, toward the exterior, eztrorse.’. The 
. pollen is mostly granular, and readily becomes dust-like ; in the 
Orchidacex and Asclepiadacez, it forms glutinous masses ( pol- 
'’Ayyp aman, and o7xos house. 
* Stamen, warp on a loom, thread, 
5” Av Snpds blooming. 
4Onun a receptacte, 
5 Connectere, to connect. 
* Introrsus (introversus), toward the interior, 
1 Extrorsus, toward the exterior. 
