86 MORPHOLOGY. 
1, The Stone Fruit or Drupe (drupa’), endocarp very 
hard, not dehiscent (Amygdalus, Juglans). 
2. The Berry (bacca), endocarp and mesocarp fleshy, epi- 
carp often hard (the grape, currant, date). 
Occasionally the fruit is inclosed or surrounded by a body 
which is mostly cup-shaped, termed a cupule (cupula). In the 
case of the oak, this is formed from four coalesced bractlets. 
The tanning material known under the name of “ valonia,” con- 
sists of the cupules of the fruits of Quercus Vallonea Kotschy. 
In the seed-vessel, formed of the carpels, are contained the 
ovules (ovula*). The latter consist of the fwniculus* or podo- 
sperm, with which they are attached to the wall of the ovary, 
or to some special part of the ovary called the placenta,’ which, 
Re Ne 
Fia. 22.—Forms of dehiscence of the capsule. a, septicidal ; b, loculicidal ; c, septi- 
fragal. 
according to its position, is termed basal, central, or parietal ;* 
the integuments," forming one or two coats (Fig. 10 p s), which 
in front do not close completely, but leave an opening (the 
micropyle,’ Fig. 10 m); and the kernel or nucleus (Fig. 10 #), 
containing the embryo-sac (Fig. 10g), in which the embryo*® 
is formed (compare Figs. 23, 24, 25). 
' Drupus, ripe and ready to fall. 
*Diminutive of ovum, egg. 
* Diminutive of funis, a rope or cord. 
* Placenta, a cake, from a remote analogy with the placenta of the 
higher animals, 
5 Paries, wall, 
° Integumentum, a covering or skin, 
* Mrxpos small, Uy gate or entrance, 
*“EuZpvor the unborn fetus in the womb. 
