THE SEED. 89 
thick, fleshy character. With monocotyledonous plants, the 
embryo in the seed is usually less clearly developed ; in Semen 
Colchici, Semen Sabadille, and in the cardamom, the cotyledon 
is not yet really distinctly leaf-like, and quite as little in the 
pepper and cubeb. The tissue of the embryo throughout is built 
up of more delicate cells than that of the albumen, and this 
difference is also readily apparent without being magnified. 
The cotyledons and the radicle are often bent in a character- 
istic manner, as is evident upon a longitudinal section through 
Semen Stramonii, while the fruits of the Umbellifere present 
an example of a tolerably straight embryo. A very remarkable 
folding is shown by theembryos of Semen Faenugreci and Semen 
Sinapis, as in general with all Orthoploce, Spirolobee and 
Diplecolobeew. Outside of our sphere of consideration, there 
occur remarkably complicated foldings in the cotyledons of the 
cotton-seed. 
The seed is connected with the placenta by means of the 
funiculus ; the place where the latter enters the testa usually 
remains characterized by its color, a depression, or an elevated 
line, and is distinguished as the hilum (Fig. 10 h, Fig. 24 h). 
Less frequently the terminal point of the funiculus is also per- 
ceptible in the base of the seed ; if this is the case, it bears the 
name of inner hilum or chalaza’ (Fig. 24 ch). This is readily 
recognizable, among other instances, in Semen Ricini. 
The seed is straight, atropous or orthotropous,” when the apex 
of the ovule, the orifice (micropyle), lies opposite the hilum, 
whereby the funiculus remains short. It is thus, e. g., with the 
Piperacese, where the seed forms the termination of the flower 
axis. More frequently, however, the ovule together with its 
coats, 7. e., the entire seed, is reversed, whereby its apex, the 
micropyle, is moved close beside the hilum. This form, with 
the funiculus running along the back, which is the most usual 
with the angiosperms, is designated as a reversed, anatropous* 
seed (Fig. 24). The ovule is here coalescent with the funiculus 
1 X@Aate hail, but also a sty on the eye-lid. 
* From a@ privative (and dpSds straight), and rpéz@ turn, direct. 
* Ava against, rpéro I turn. oe 
