104 PLANT ANATOMY. 
The chlorophyll of leaves (crude chlorophyll) is insoluble in 
water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, carbon bisulphide, acetone, 
benzol, volatile and fatty oils (Olewm Hyoscyami of the Phar- 
macopoa Germanica is colored by chlorophyll), chloroform, and 
dilute solutions of caustic potassa (in the latter, with chemical 
change), forming emerald-green solutions, which are dichroic 
(green-red), and also show a magnificent fluorescence. 
A conyenient method for distinguishing chlorophyll from 
other green coloring matters, is as follows: The alcoholic solu- 
tion of the coloring matter is shaken with concentrated hydro- 
chloric acid and ether, the acid solution then becomes blue, the 
ethereal yellow. Noother green coloring matter shows precisely 
the same deportment. Pure chlorophyll dissolves with a blue 
color in hydrochloric acid, and is soluble in the same solvents 
as crude chlorophyll (see above). Pure chlorophyll appears to 
stand chemically in close relation to the lecithines, or to be itself 
a lecithine. 
The colored erystalloids of many flowers and fruits (Capsicum 
annuum, Rosa, Crocus, Carthamus, Tropeolum, Chrysanthe- 
mum) should also be considered here. The development of 
these proceeds mostly in such a manner that the chlorophyll 
bodies—in the beginning the flowers and carpels of the fruit. 
are mostly green—by a disturbance of their form and loss of 
their original color, pass into the crystalloid coloring matters. 
The yellow coloring matters (anthoxanthin ') especially occur 
often in the form of handsomely developed crystals (Fig. 34), 
as in the Carrot, and they probably always possess, besides the 
coloring matter, a plasmatic basis.” Occasionally these coloring 
matters also appear in the form of granules. 
The red and violet coloring matters (anthocyan *) are, as a 
‘From &y Sos flower, and Zav 34s yellow. 
* They are capable of swelling. These crystalloids have recently been 
repeatedly examined, thus by Hildebrand, Pringsheim’s “ Jahrbiicher,”” 
1861.—Nageli, ‘‘Sitzungsberichte d. Minch. Akad.,” 1862.—Weiss, 
** Sitzungsber. d. Wiener Akad.,” 1866.—Schimper, Botan. Zeit., 1883.— 
A. Meyer, Ibid., 1883. 
*From a&v os flower, and xvayeos blue. 
