STARCH, EEE 
views of Carl Niigeli,’ starch grows in such a manner that the 
formative material inserts itself between the layers of the 
granule, and is by no means added externally through “ apposi- 
tion.” The objections raised in opposition to Nigeli’s view of 
“intussusception,” * especially by Schimper? and by Arthur 
Meyer,’ are deduced from the supposition that starch possesses a. 
crystal-like character. Its crystalloids, as in other carbo-hydrates 
(see text to Fig. 54 a and 4), are united in the form of spheres, 
sphero-crystals, but are highly characterized by the capability of 
swelling. Their stratification is the result of alternate solution 
and renewed deposition of solid substance. That the granules 
are less dense toward the interior is shown by the penetration 
of the solvent.° 
Occasionally two nuclei surrounded by a separate series of 
Fig. 38. Fie. 39. 
Fie, 38.—Amylum, compound granules with a common integument (Dippel). 
Fie. 39.—Compound starch granules from Radix Sarsaparille. 
layers (Fig. 38) are formed in a single starch granule ; if these 
nuclei continue to separate from each other, a high tension is 
produced in the layers common to both, which leads to the dis- 
solution of the double granule into two separate ones (fractured 
granules). If, instead of two, a still larger number of granules 
appears, compound granules are produced, which may consist of 
1 Die Stirkekérner,” Zurich, 1858. Large octavo, 624 pages and 10 
plates (mentioned also on page 108, foot-note 3).—‘ Sitzungsberichte d. _ 
Minch. Akad.,” 1863 and 1881; Bot. Zeitung, 1881, 633; also Nageli and — 
Schwendener, ‘‘ Das Microscop,” 1877, p. 423. 
* Intus, in or within ; suscipere, to take up. 
* Botanische Zeitung, 1881, 185. 
4 Tbid., 1881, p. 841, and 1884, p. 508. Pons tee ae 
*Compare further the respective references thereto in Just’s Bot _ 
Jahresbericht for 1881, I., 398-400, pk te 
