CONTENTS XXVI11 
PAGES 
CHAPTER XVIII 
Tue LicHENS 
LICHENS.—Definition. Asco-lichens. Basidio-lichens. _Foliaceous, 
crustaceous and fruticose lichens. Structure of a typical lichen. 
Reproduction. Economic uses of various lichens . . . . . . 413-417 
CHAPTER XIX 
THE BrYOPHYTES 
BRYOPHYTES.—Their general characteristics. . .... ...-.. 418 
HEPATIC OR LIVERWORTS.—Their characteristics and orders. . 418-419 
MARCHANTIA (A TYPICAL LIVERWORT).—Life history and 
Structure, So es a ee a ae i ee ee ce 5 AISA Z3 
MUSCI OR MOSSES.—Their characteristics. Sphagnales or bog 
mosses. Andraeales or rock mosses. Bryales or true mosses.. . 426-430 
LIFE HISTORY OF A TYPICAL. TRUE MOSS (POLYTRICUM). 426-430 
CHAPTER XX 
Tue PTERIDOPHYTES 
PTERIDOPHYTES.—Their general characteristics and classes. . . . . 431 
THE FERNS.—Their characteristics. Eusporangiate and _ Lepto- 
sporangiata. True ferns. Waterferns........ . . 431-437 
THE HORSETAILS.—Their characteristics. Life history of Equi- 
setum arvenses, = 335 ee eee pote . 437-439 
THE CLUB MOSSES.—Their characteristics. Life history of Lycopod- 
ium clavatum. The Little Club Mosses and Quillworts. . . . 439-442 
CHAPTER XXI 
Tue SPERMATOPHYTES 
SPERMATOPHYTES.—Characteristics and subdivisions. . .... . 443 
THE GYMNOSPERMS.—Their characteristics and sub-groups. Life 
history of a Gymnosperm (Pinus Strobus). The Cycads or fern 
palms. Life history of Zamia. The Ginkgos. The Conifers. 
Classification of Conifers. The Pinacez. Table of official and 
unofficial drugs yielded by the Pinacee, including official names, 
parts used, botanical origins and habitats. The Taxacee and 
representatives. The Gnetales. The Gnetacee. Welwitchia, 
Gnetum and Ephedra. The drug Ephedra and its uses. . . . 443-471 
THE ANGIOSPERMS.—Their characteristics. Life history of an 
Angiosperm (Erythronium). Resemblances between Gymno- 
sperms and Angiosperms. Fundamental differences between 
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Classes of Angiosperms. . . 471-480 
