8 
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
flowers and fruits, conducting sap containing nutrient materials 
from roots to leaves and other aerial organs and vice versa. 
Many stems also store food and green parts of stems manufacture 
Fic. 2.—Flower and fruit of Flax. 
A, floral diagram—, calyx; co, corolla; 
s, stamens; p, pistil. B, median length- 
wise section of flower. C, flower with 
calyx and corolla removed showing the 
essential organs, stamens and _pistil. 
_ D, fruit, external view. £, cross sec- 
tion of fruit. (Robdbins.) 
food. The GREEN  LEAVEs, 
representing outgrowths of the 
stem, are spread out to the sun’s 
rays for carrying out the process 
of manufaeturing-complex food 
from simple inorganic materials 
absorbed from the soil and the 
air. ‘This process is called photo- 
synthesis. ‘The FLOWERS are 
equipped with sexual organs 
called SraMens (male organs) 
and Pistirs (female organs) and 
are so constructed as to bring 
about fertilization. The Fruits 
which follow the flowers function 
to form and disseminate the 
seeds. ‘The SEEDs serve to carry 
a young plant or Empryo which 
has separated from its parent in 
its dormant stage to the soil and 
so function to spread the plant. 
In addition to the life processes 
noted, all of these plant organs 
carry Out activities necessary for 
their own maintenance such 
as ‘TRANSPORTATION OF Foop 
MateriAts, GrowrTu (increase 
in size), RESPIRATION (the break- 
ing down of carbohydrates accompanied by the taking in of 
oxygen and giving off of carbon dioxide), and AsstmiLation (the 
changing of food materials into 
living matter). 
Just as the plant organism is made up of organs which are 
visible to the unaided eye, so each of these organs is made up of _ 
parts called Tissues, but the tissues are visible only with the aid 
of a simple or compound’ microscope. 
