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THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS 15 
The SpERMATOPHYTES include two sub-divisions, namely 
the GyMNosPERMS and the ANGIOsPERMS. ‘The Gymnosperms 
[Gk. gymnos, naked; sperma, seed] have their seeds uncovered. 
They include such plants as the pines, spruces, firs, hemlocks, 
ie 
Fic. 9.—A dicotyledon. The English Oak (Quercus pedunculata). A, twig with 
leaves and flowers. B, staminate flowers. C, two stamens. D, pistillate flower, 
enlarged. £, fruit, acorns. F, cup (cupula) with nut removed. G, seed in cross 
section. H, seed in longitudinal section. The perianth of the staminate flower 
consists of 5~7 segments; stamens 6-12. (After Wossidlo.) 
redwoods, larches, yews, junipers, cedars, arbor vita, the cycads, 
ginkgos, gnetums and ephedras. 
The Ancrosperms [Gk. angeion, vessel; sperma, seed] have their 
seeds enclosed within the seed vessel or fruit wall. They include 
two sub-groups or classes, namely, the MonocoTyLepons and 
