CHAPTER V 
NON-PROTOPLASMIG CELL CONTENTS 
The non-protoplasmic cell contents comprise many kinds of 
substance of non-living character sometimes referred to as 
inclusions in the protoplast. They include inorganic and organic 
substances which are _deposited_in the cell as a result of. its 
physiological activities. Many of them, when separated from 
plants, constitute valuable drugs and foods. Some of them like 
glucose and other sugars, starch and inulin are products of 
photosynthesis, others like proteids, fixed oils and fats are formed 
from the elements of glucose, still others like enzymes are direct 
products of protoplasm, and a number of mineral compounds 
such_as calcium oxalate, calcium carbonate and silica bodies 
are formed as deposits as a result of. chemical processes within 
the cell. 
1. SuGARs.—Sugars comprise a group of crystalline substances 
found in the cell sap of many plants either free or in combination 
with glucosides. They may be divided into two main groups: 
monosaccharoses and disaccharoses.. The MonosaccHAROSES are 
simple sugars containing two to nine atoms of carbon, which are 
known respectively as bioses, trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, 
etc. Of these the hexoses (CgH,2O¢) are the most important and 
of wide distribution. Examples of the hexoses found in drug 
plants ES: (a) DextTROse (grape sugar), found in the leaves, 
&! sproutin ies of flowers of nearly 
all plants; (4) Frucrose (levulose or fruit-sugar), commonly 
associated with dextrose; (c) D-MANNosk, found in the saccharine 
exudation of the Manna Ash (Fraxinus Ornus); -and (d) SORBINOSE, 
found in ripe Mountain Ash berries. Upon evaporating the 
sap or treating the parts containing these principles with alcohol 
they can be crystallized out. 
Flickiger’s Micro-chemic Test for the determination of different kinds of sugars: 
Dissolve a small portion of copper tartrate in a drop of sodium hydrate on a glass 
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