100 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
violet-blue zone of the spectrum, the sharpest band being in 
the red. 
CHROMOPHYLL is a broad term applied to either the yellow 
or orange pigments found in chromoplastids. Sulfuric acid 
forms a blue color with chromophyll. 
CaROTIN or carotene is an orange to orange-red pigment 
which has the chemical formula of CyoHs5. It is found accom- 
panying the chlorophyll within chloroplasts, but exists separately 
in chromoplastids of leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds, as well as in 
subterranean parts of higher plants. It is especially abundant 
in the roots of carrots. It is readily soluble in chloroform, ether 
and carbon bisulfide, slightly soluble in hot alcohol and insolu- 
ble in water. When examined with a spectroscope, it shows two 
dark bands in the green-blue half of the spectrum. Carotin is 
a source of Vitamin A, the growth-promoting factor. It is 
changed into Vitamin 4 in the body. 
XANTHOPHYLL is a yellow pigment which accompanies the 
chlorophyll in the chloroplast. Chemically it represents an 
oxidation product of carotin, having the formula of C4oH55O2. 
ETIOLIN is a pale yellow pigment which appears when green 
plants are kept for some time in darkness. It is probably identi- 
cal with xanthophyll. 
_ANTHOCYANINS are applied to the blue, purple and red pig- 
ments which occur in the cell sap of floral organs, stems, leaves, 
roots and fruits. The character of the color is claimed to be 
due to the alkalinity or acidity of the cell sap. 
Puycocyanin is the blue pigment found in the blue-green 
algze, associated with chlorophyll. It is soluble in water and 
glycerin but insoluble in ether and alcohol. 
PHYCOPH4IN Or FUCOXANTHIN is the brown pigment found in 
the brown algz. It is readily soluble in water. 
PHYCOERYTHRIN is the red pigment found in many of the red 
algze and some of the blue-green alge. It is readily soluble in 
water but insoluble in ether and alcohol. ) 
The last two pigments are always associated with chlorophyll 
but frequently conceal it. 
23, Latex.—This is an emulsion of varying composition and 
color found in special passages, as latex cells and laticiferous 
