102 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
“paralyzers.” Frequently the paralyzers consist of products of 
enzyme action. Cold inhibits and warmth accelerates enzyme 
action. Moisture must always be present for enzymic activity. 
CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES 
A. AccoRDING To DiIFFUSIBILITY THROUGH CELL WALL. 
ENDOCELLULAR: Those that cannot diffuse out of the cell. 
Example: Zymase of Yeast. 
EXTRACELLULAR: Those that can diffuse out of the cell. 
Example: Invertase of Yeast. 
B. Accorpinc To Kinp or Supsrances ACTED UPON AND 
‘TRANSFORMED. 
1. CARBOHYDRATE ENZyYMEs: 
Drasrasg, found in the germinating seeds of barley and other 
grains and in Aspergillus oryza, etc., converts starch to maltose and 
dextrin. As observed under the microscope, starch grains partly 
transformed by diastase (amylase) show depressions, later deepening 
to form irregular tunnels. Such grains are called corrosion starch. 
INVERTASE, secreted by yeasts, and found in younger parts of 
higher plants, transforms cane sugar, producing dextrose and 
levulose. 
Ma tase, found in malt, in green leaves and Saccharomyces 
octosporus, transforms maltose to dextrose. 
TREHALASE, found in: Polyporus, hydrolyzes trehalose to 
dextrose. 
Cyrtase, found in Nux Vomica and Ignatia seéds, in barley, 
dates, etc., decomposes hemicellulose and cellulose to galactose 
and mannose. 
Lactase, found in Kephir grains, hydrolyzes lactose to 
dextrose and galactose. 
PROTOPECTINASE splits protopectin of the primary cell wall 
to soluble pectin. 
Pecrase hydrolyzes the methyl alcohol from soluble pectin 
to produce pectic acid. | 
Pectinasg, found in fruits and other plant organs, transforms 
the soluble pectin, pectic acid or pectates of the middle lamella 
into galactose, arabinose and galacturonic acid. 
