THE LEAF 241 
upper leaflets are transformed into tendrils for climbing purposes; 
in the Barberry some of the leaves have become transformed into 
spines for the defense of the plant from browsing animals; in 
Squill and Garlic the leaves of the bulbs have become succulent 
scales for food storage; in the Bladderworts certain submerged 
leaves have become modified as bladder-like traps for capturing 
crustaceans; in Sundews, Venus Fly Trap and the Pitcher Plants 
(Heliamphora, Darlingtonia, Sarracenia, Nepenthes and Cephalotus) 
the leaves are variously modified as traps for alluring, capturing 
and devouring insects. (See Carnivorous Plants in Chapter on 
Ecology.) 
Lear TEXTURE.—Leaves are described as: 
Membranous, when thin and pliable, as Coca. 
Succulent, when thick and fleshy, as Aloe, and Live Forever. 
Coriaceous, when thick and leathery, as Eucalyptus, Uva Ursi 
and Magnolia. 
Lear CoLor.—Petaloid, when of some brilliant color different 
from the usual green, as the Coleus and Begonia, and other plants 
which are prized for the beauty of their foliage rather than their 
blossoms. 
Lear SurFACE.—Any plant surface is: 
Glabrous, when perfectly smooth and free from hairs or pro- 
tuberances. Example: Tulip. 
Glaucous, when covered with bloom, as the Cabbage leaf. 
Punctate, when dotted as if by punctures, as in the leaf of the 
Wax Myrtle. ; 
Pellucid-punctate, when dotted with projections formed by 
subjacent oil glands, as the leaves of the many members of the 
Orange family. 
Papillose, when covered with minute, teat-shaped projections, 
as the lower surface of Coca leaves. 
Scabrous leaves have a rough surface with minute, eeccied, 
hard papillae or warts, as those of Slippery-elm and many 
composites. 
Pubescent, covered with short, soft hairs. Example: 
Digitalis. 
Appressed-hairy, when the hairs are curved so as to appear 
somewhat pressed against the surface, as in Senna leaflets. 
