THE FLOWER 275 
gradual reduction from many to ten, as in Caryophyllacea, 
Leguminose and some Aceracee, these being in two circles. In 
Malvaceae, Umbellifere and other Apopetalous families as well as 
many Synpetalz, the number five is typical. But in Scroph- 
ulariacee, while five are developed and fertile in Verbascum, four 
with a fifth staminode (sterile stamen) are found in the allied 
genus Ceélsia. In Pentstemon there are four didynamous fertile 
stamens and an equally long staminode. In Scrophularia the 
fifth staminode is reduced to a petaloid flap in the posterior part 
of the flower. In Linaria this exists only as a small knob at the 
base of the back part of the corolla and there secretes nectar. 
In most Scrophulariacee the fifth stamen is entirely absent and 
the four stamens left are didynamous; but in Calceolaria two of 
these are rudimentary and thread-like, the other two alone being 
well-developed and fertile. In Veronica three stamens are entirely 
absorbed and two only are left as fertile representatives. 
INSERTION OF STAMENS.—As to insertion the stamens may be: 
Hypocynous, when inserted upon the receptacle below the 
base of the pistil (see Fig. 177A). 
PEericyNnous, when inserted on the calyx or corolla above the 
base of and lateral to the pistil (see Fig. 1778). 
Epicynous, when inserted above the ovary (see Fig. 177C). 
GyNANbRows, when inserted upon the pistil, as in Orchids and 
Aristolochia (see Fig. 194 No. 8). 
PROPORTIONS OF THE STAMENS.—The stamens may be of 
equal length; unequal, or of different length. 
Diwynamous, when there are two pairs, one longer than the 
other. Examples: Snapdragons, Digitalis, Mints. [Fig. 194 
4). 
geen three pairs, two of the same length, the 
third shorter. Example: Mustard. [Fig. 194 (6).] 
CoNNATION OF STAMENS.—Terms denoting connection 
between stamens are: 
MonapeE.pHous (in one brotherhood), coalescence of the 
filaments into a tube. Examples: Lobelia and Malvaceae [Fig. 194 
(5)]. 
DiapELpHous (in two brotherhoods), coalescence into two 
sets. Example: Glycyrrhiza. (Fig. 194 (2).] 
