THE FLOWER 277 
PoLYADELPHOUS, when there are several sets or branched 
bundles. Example: Orange.! 
SYNGENEsIOUS, when the anthers cohere. Example: 
Composite. 
CoLor oF STAMENS.—In most species the color of these organs 
is seldom pronounced owing to their delicate structure. It 
varies from greenish-yellow to yellow to white, through pink, 
pinkish-red, red, purple, purple-blue to blue. It is yellow, for ’ 
instance, in Sassafras, Cucumber and Golden Club; greenish- 
yellow, yellow to red, in Maples; yellow-pink to pink and pink- 
ish-red, in some Mallows; in Azalea amena the filaments are 
crimson-purple and the anthers, purple-blue; in the genus Scilla 
both filaments and anthers are blue. 
Gross STRUCTURE AND HisTOLOGY OF THE FILAMENT.—The 
filament may be cylindric as in the Rose, awl-shaped as in Tulip, 
flat and with a dilated base as in the Harebell, three-toothed as in 
Garlic, appendiculate, when it bears an appendage as in 
Chetostoma, Alyssum, etc. The filament is covered with a protec- 
tive epidermis containing stomata. Beneath this is a soft, loose, 
cellular tissue, the mesophyll, and in the center a small vascular 
bundle, the pathway of food from the floral axis to the anther. 
In some cases the single bundle may split into two or three bundle 
parts. 
Gross STRUCTURE AND HisTOLOGY OF THE ANTHER.—Each 
staminal leaf (M1cROSPOROPHYLL) bears a special development or 
appendage, as a rule, on its extremity which is the ANTHER or 
Microsorus. This consists, fundamentaily, of a median pro- 
longation of the filament equal to the connective or placenta. 
This develops on either side a quantity of indusial tissue that 
grows out to form a covering substance that protects and carries 
two MicrospoRANGIA on either side. An anther, therefore, con- 
sists of a median connective or placenta, producing on either side 
two anther lobes or indusial expansions. Each anther lobe encloses 
two pollen-sacs or microsporangia, which, in some cases, remain 
distinct up to the dehiscence (splitting open) of the anther. 
Thus, in Butomus, the anthers show four pollen chambers up to the 
1In the Orange flower each set of stamens consists of a filament bearing in its 
distal region phalanges of stamens or staminal leaflets. 
