KK . 
Baie 
THE CLASSIFICATION AND NAMING OF PLANTS 325 * 
John Ray (1627-1705), an English botanist, in 1682 intro- 
duced a method of classification which distinguished between 
flowerless and flowering plants. He arranged plants into. two 
chief divisions, viz.; woody plants and herbs, and made cotyle- 
dons a basis for subdividing flowering herbs into monocotyledons 
and dicotyledons. 
Joseph P. De Tournefort (1656-1708), an eminent French 
botanist, chose petals as his basis of grouping and subdivided the 
flowering plants into the Apetal: or the plants without petals and 
the Petalodes or those possessing petals, distinguishing herbs and 
undershrubs, trees and herbs. He was the first botanist to 
describe genera. 
The greatest of these artificial systems was that of the Sexual 
System of Carl von Linné, popularly called Linnaeus (1707— 
1778), a Swedish naturalist, who through his great works, 
Systema Nature, published in 1735 and Species Plantarum, published 
in 1753, did more to establish Botany on a scientific foundation 
than any previous investigator. Linnaeus divided plants into 
sexual and asexual, the former of which he designated as Phanero- 
gamia or flowering plants and the latter as Cryptogamia or flower- 
less plants. His classification of the flowering or seed plants was 
based primarily on the number and position of the stamens, each 
of the larger groups being subdivided according to the number 
and character of the carpels. In his Species Plantarum, he 
systematically described a great list of plants giving to each species 
a binomial name consisting of two Latin words. ‘This system of 
naming plants, called the “Binom1AL System,” has been followed 
by all scientific botanists since Linnaeus and is still in use at the 
present day. 
The first natural system of classification was that devised by 
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, a French botanist, who in 1789, 
issued his Genera Plantarum. ‘This work formed the basis of all 
future natural systems. Jussieu was the first to group the genera 
into families, and many of his concepts on families are used with 
modifications to-day. 
In 1813, Augustin P. De Candolle, a follower of the teachings 
of Jussieu, issued his Theorie elementaire de la botanique in which 
he demonstrated that the affinities of plants are to be found 
