332 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
which case a new specific name must be given it. Moreover, 
the name of the botanist who assigned the original specific 
epithet but placed it under a different genus must be placed in 
parenthesis between the specific epithet and the name of the 
botanist who later connects it with another genus. For example, 
we read as the definition for Purging Cassia in the National 
Formulary V—‘‘The dried fruit of Cathartocarpus Fistula (Linné) 
Persoon.” ‘The significance of the name Linné in parenthesis 
is that he had previously given the specific epithet Fistula to 
the plant indicated but placed it under a different genus, which 
genus happened to be Cassia. 
Famity NAme.—The names of families are designated by the 
name of one of their principal genera or ancient generic names 
with the ending acez, e.g., Ranunculacee from Ranunuculus, 
Malvaceae from Malva, etc. The following names, because of 
long usage, are exceptions to the rule: Palma, Gramineae, Guttifera, 
Umbellifera, Labiate, and Composite. 
OrpDER NAmE.—Orders are generally designated by the name 
of one of their principal families, with the ending ales, ¢.g., 
Rhamnales from Rhamnacea, Rosales from Rosacee. Suborders are 
likewise designated, but with the ending—ineae, e.g., Malvinee 
from Malvacee. Other older endings may, however, be retained 
for these names providing they do not lead to confusion or error. 
Crass NAME.—Names of classes, subclasses, divisions and sub- 
divisions are designated from one of their characters by words of 
Latin or Greek origin, some similarity of form and ending being 
given to those that designate groups of the same nature, as Mono- 
cotyledonee, Dicotyledonee; Archichlamydeew, Metachla- 
mydex; Thallophyta, Spermatophyta; Gymnosperme, 
Angiospermz. © 
In the case of Cryptogams, the use of old family names as 
Algz, Fungi, Lichens, Musci, etc. is permissible for designating 
groups above the rank of family. 
For further details on botanical nomenclature, the student is referred to the 
following articles: : 
International rules of nomenclature revised by the International Botanical 
Congress of Cambridge, 1930, 3 ed., Gustav Fisher, Jena, 1935. 
An abridged version of The International rules, inaccurate in a few details, was 
published as a supplement to volume 72 of the [English] Journal of Botany (1934). 
ow, Mighie-S 
