368 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
Staphylococcus (plural, staphylococci), from a Greek word refer- 
ring to the shape of a bunch of grapes, as the organism producing 
golden pus. 
Streptococcus (plural, streptococci) from a Greek word meaning 
chain-shaped, as the scarlet fever organism. 
Sarcina, package-shaped or cubical, as the Sarcina lutea, a 
common saprophyte. 
Form oF CELL Groups AFTER CLEAVAGE.—The individual 
bacteria after cleavage may separate, or cohere. The amount of 
cohesion, together with the plane of cleavage, determines the 
various forms of the cell groups. Thus, among the cocci, diplo- or 
double forms may result giving rise to distinguishing morpho- 
2. ee > Be 
s oe 
Fic, 272.—Division forms of micrococci. a, Diplococcus, perfect form with 
flattened opposed surfaces (gonococcus), lanceolate form (pneumococcus); b, strepto- 
coccus; ¢, consecutive fission yielding a tetrad; d, sarcina form resulting from division 
of a tetrad; e, staphylococcus. (From Marshall after Novy.) — 
logical characteristics. Similarly, among the bacilli, character- 
istic forms result as single individuals and others which form 
chains of various lengths. 
SPoRULATION.—A large number of bacteria possess the power 
of developing into a resting stage by a process known as sporula- 
tion or spore formation. Sporulation is regarded as a method of 
resisting unfavorable environment. This is illustrated by the 4 
anthrax bacilli which are readily killed in twenty minutes by a 4 
10 per cent. solution of carbolic acid, and able, when in the spore 
condition, to resist the same disinfectant for a long period in a 
concentration of 50 per cent. While the vegetative forms of 
anthrax show little more resistance against moist heat than the 
vegetative form of other bacteria, the spores will withstand the 
action of live steam for as long as ten to twelve minutes or 
more. 
Whenever the spores are brought into favorable condition for 
bacterial growth, as to temperature, moisture and nutrition, they 
