370 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
80 to 85 per cent. of the bacterial body is water; proteid sub- 
stances constitute about 50 to 80 per cent. of the dry residue. 
When these are extracted, there remain fats, in some cases wax, 
in some bacteria traces of cellulose appear, and the remainder 
consists of 1 to 2 per cent. ash. 
00000 8 : 
Fic. 274.—Spore germination. a, direct conversion of a spore into a bacillus 
without the shedding of a spore wall (B. leptosporus); b, polar germination of Bact. 
anthracis; c, equatorial germination of B. subtilis (hay bacillus); d, same of B. 
megaterium; e, same with “horse-shoe” presentation. (From Marshall after Novy.) 
The proteids consist partly of nucleo-proteids, globulins, and 
protein substances differing materially from ordinary proteids. 
Toxic substances known as endotoxins, to distinguish them from 
the exotoxins or bacterial poisons secreted by certain bacteria like 
fh tt Be (Ul 
Fic. 275.—Types of bacilli. (After Williams.) 
the tetanus and diphtheria organisms during the process of 
growth, also occur. 
MorRPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA * 
THE Lower BAcTERIA 
The lower bacteria comprise most of the forms which produce 
disease and the majority of the forms which are used in the arts 
* No strictly morphological system of classification for the bacteria will subserve 
the purpose of properly identifying species of this group owing to a deficiency of 
structural characteristics for the separation of so many species. For the main 
divisions and some of the smaller details, the application of a morphological key 
will be sufficient, but cultural tests for their physiological phenomena and staining 
reactions are essential in working out the identity of a specific bacterial organism. 
