THE FUNGI “409 
portion. ‘The lower part remains as a cup, out of which the 
stipe grows. ‘The upper part is carried up as shreds adhering 
to the margin of the pileus. The lower part is called the volva 
or death cup. The annulus present is a false annulus, for it 
represents a peeling down of the upper part of the stipe. Both 
have chalk-white gills, an usually white stipe with a bulbous base, 
and white spores. 
The pileus of Amanita muscaria varies from orange-red or 
blood-red to orange or yellow. ‘The surface is covered with 
portion of a rotten log. (Photograph by author.) 
prominent warty scales, the latter being remnants of the veil 
which are readily removed. Its stipe is white or pale sulfur 
colored, at first stuffed, later hollow. The annulus is large, 
white and ragged. 
The pileus of Amanita phalloides varies from pure white to 
dull yellow to olive or umber. It does not possess the warty 
scales found in the Amanita muscaria, but occasionally has a few 
membranous patches. Its stipe is generally smooth, usually 
white, solid and bulbous below but hollow upwards. 
Amanita phalloides is the most poisonous of all species of toad- 
stools. Its chief poisonous constituents are the glucoside 
amanita-hemolysin and the toxin called amanita-toxin. Amani- 
tahemolysin is a blood laking principle. No antidote is known 
which will neutralize the deadly effects of this fungus. 
Fic. 304.—A colony of Puff Balls, Lycoperdon, growing saprophytically upon a 
PREP Ge ne oP Peas, Se Bw a ee ME EEL 
