THE SPERMATOPHYTES 465 
shrubs. This order includes two families, the Pinacee or Pine 
Family and the Taxacee or Yew Family. 
Pinaceae (Conifere) or Pine Family.—Trees or shrubs with resin- 
ous juice whose wood is characterized by being composed 
largely of tracheids with bordered pits. Leaves entire, awl- or 
needle-shaped, frequently fascicled, exstipulate, usually ever- 
green. Flowers, monoecious (Pines, etc.) or rarely dicecious 
(Juniper), achlamydeous, in cones. Staminate cone of a large 
number of microsporophylls (stamens) closely packed together 
and arranged spirally around a central axis, each stamen bearing 
usually two pollen sacs. Carpellate cone composed of spirally 
arranged scales, each of which bears a pair of naked ovules 
(megasori) near the base of its upper face. Fruit a cone with 
woody or fleshy scales (Pinus, Thuja, Abies, Picea, etc.) or a 
galbulus (Juniperus). Seeds albuminous. Embryo with two or. 
more cotyledons. 
The following genera of the pine family are of especial 
pharmaceutic and general economic interest: 
GENUS Common NAME 
Pinus Pine 
Picea Spruce 
Abies Fir 
Larix Larch 
Tsuga Hemlock 
Pseudotsuga Douglass Fir 
Thuja Arbor vitae 
Juniperus Juniper 
Sequoia Redwood 
Cedrus Cedar 
OrrictAL Druc Part Usep BorAnIcAL ORIGIN HABITAT 
Terebinthina Concrete oleoresin Pinus palustris and Southern United - 
(Turpentine) other species of States 
Pinus : 
Resina (Rosin) Resin Pinus palustris and Southern United 
- other species of Pinus States 
Oleum Tere- Volatile oil Pinus palustris and Southern United 
binthinge other species of Pinus States 
Pix Pini Product of destruc- Pinus palustris and Southern United 
(Pine Tar) tive distillation of other species of Pinus States 
wood 
Oleum Picis Volatile oil from pine tar 
Rectificatum : 
Pinus Alba Inner bark Pinus Strobus United States 
and Canada 
s 
