478 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
These runner bulbs, the third year, give origin to another set of 
runners similar to those formed during the second year which 
also develop runner bulbs at their tips. A foliage leaf is also 
formed by each. The following spring (spring of fifth year 
after formation and shedding of seed) one of these bulbs develops 
_ into a mature sporophyte plant, bearing a single flower at the 
summit of its elongated scape. (See Fig. 355.) 
RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS 
1. In both are developed flowers. 
2. In both the flowers develop at least two sets of leaves 
(either on one or two plants of the same species) called sporophyll 
leaves, the stamens and carpels. ‘The stamens or staminal leaves 
are also termed microsporophylls. The carpels or carpellate 
leaves are also known as megasporophylls. 
3. Both groups produce microspores or pollen grains and 
megaspores or embryo sacs. 
4. In both are developed on the evident generation, the 
plant or sporophyte and the gametophyte, the latter concealed 
within and parasitic upon the megaspore of the sporophyte. 
5. Both develop seeds with one or two seed coats. 
6. In both groups there is developed from the fertilized egg _ 
an embryo which lies within the cavity of the megaspore. 
7. In both there exists a root and a stem pericycle. 
8. Both produce collateral vascular bundles. Occasion- 
ally we meet with phlocentric bundles in the stem or leaf of 
Angiosperms. 
“FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GYMNOSPERMS AND 
ANGIOSPERMS 
1. The flowers of Gymnosperms are often moncecious or 
dicecious but very rarely hermaphrodite (as in Welwitchia), 
whereas those of Angiosperms are usually hermaphrodite, rather 
rarely moncecious, still more rarely dioecious. 
2. In the Gymnosperms the sporophylls are usually inserted 
either spirally or in whorls around a distinctly elongated axis, 
whereas in Angiosperms the sporophylls are condensed to short 
